Reduce Pollution Would Be More Moral Essay Example

Reduce Pollution Would Be More Moral Paper There are many kinds of indoor and outdoor pollution, including photochemical smog, acid rain, and second hand smoke. Air pollution threatens the health of our flora and fauna as well as human health. The impact of these kinds of pollution results in such conditions as the development of diseases like cancer and environmental and human threats such as ozone layer depletion. Reducing pollution without worrying about the costs will be more moral because the whole planet will benefit from it. Air Pollution have adverse effects on human health . T has been that target of mom of the most complicated legislation ever discussed. In 1 970, the United States Congress passed legislation aimed at curbing sources Of air pollution and setting standards for air quality. One of the strongest weapons against industrial pollution that many factories are currently using to combat air pollution is a scrubber. A scrubber is a series of filters placed in smoke stacks and other points of industrial emissi ons to try and filter out many of the contaminants that tend to be released into the atmosphere. In addition to factory emissions, auto emission pollutants have also been reduced by the SE of a tool that has been around for quite some time, the catalytic converter. Catalytic converters have been proven to be very beneficial in reducing the amount of harmful gases released into the atmosphere. In addition to the recycling of various wastes into new products, another topic that is of great interest to environmentalists is alternative or renewable power sources. Some of Natures cleanest power sources are solar energy, wind energy, hydrophone, and geothermal energy. Solar devices now exist that are capable of supplying all the energy needs of a residence, including electricity, water and space heating, and space cooling. It was not until the sass and 1 9505 that governments began to form policies designed to maintain air quality. Large scale air pollution disasters in Europe and the U. S. Convinced officials that air pollution was potentially fatal to humans and perhaps even the planet itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Reduce Pollution Would Be More Moral specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reduce Pollution Would Be More Moral specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reduce Pollution Would Be More Moral specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One of these disasters was known as the  ¶killer fog ¶ in Denote, Pennsylvania, that killed 50, and a much more virulent  ¶fog ¶ in London in 1952 that resulted in the deaths of 4,000 people (Rising, 1998-99, 1). Since that time attempts at combating air pollution have been Halloween by increasing industrialism the world over. Many government efforts have been made to reduce other forms of air pollution like photochemical smog. Many of these efforts have fallen far short of targets. For example, in some of Chinese cities, particulate levels are more than six times higher than World Health Organization Guidelines (Rising, 1998-99, 1). Reducing pollution produces measurable health gains, according to a new study that found cleaner air had lengthened life expectancy by five months in 51 U. S. Cities. Researchers at Brigham Young University and Harvard School of Public Health found that average life expectancy increased by three years between 1980 and 2000 in those cities, and that approximately five months of that gain owed to cleaner air. Such a significant increase in life expectancy attributable to reducing air pollution is remarkable, said C. Arden Pope Ill, a BUY epidemiologist and lead author on the study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine. Countries in poorer parts of the world like China and India are demanding that wealthier regions like the European Union and North America finance their efforts at developing clean energy technologies ND hel p them adapt to the effects of climate change caused largely by accumulated emissions from the industrialized West. Money to finance these efforts is seen as a precondition for reaching an agreement at United Nations climate talks in Copenhagen in December, when nations gather to hammer out a successor treaty to the Kyoto Protocol. European finance ministers meeting over lunch in Luxembourg on Tuesday are expected to discuss the thorny question of what would represent a fair amount, according to diplomats. Indeed, some of the numbers on the table are substantial. In one Of the possibilities that is expected to be discussed by European ministers on Tuesday, more affluent countries would pay developing countries more than $140 billion each year. Nations all over the world should work together to fight pollution. Whatever the costs are at the end everyone will profit the clean air and enjoy the good healthy. Unlike our ancestors who left the planet full of wars and nuclear arms we should give our descendents a better planet because they also have the right to enjoy their life like everyone else did. So lets give them that opportunity..

Nursing Essays

Nursing Essays Nursing Essay Nursing Essay Nursing Name: Course: Date: Nursing Introduction Nursing is one of the professions within health care that concentrates on the good health of people, families, and the society so they may get health, preserve it, or recuperate from poor health and other aspects of quality life. Nurses are slightly different from other health care providers in that their approach to caring for patients, education, and range of practice is different from doctors. Nurses work in a larger scope with different setting depending on the training they received. Many nurses do not have their own offices or job description but instead work within the shadow of physicians and this conventional role has shaped the public image of nurses as professionals who provide care services to patients. However, apart from working alongside doctors, nurses are allowed to practice independently in other private hospitals and medical environments. Since WWII, nurse education has been diversified towards complex and specific qualifications, and many of the conventional systems and roles have changed. In most modern hospitals, nurses perform almost similar tasks to doctors and even specialize in different aspects of patient care such as dental treatment or theater (Kearney-Nunnery, 2008). There are various categories of nurses based on the type of work they do, the level of education and the institutions of work. Nurse practitioners are those that have attained the minimum of a Bachelor’s degree and perform jobs similar to those of physicians such as prescribing treatments. Community public health nurses include district and health visitor nurses. Lecturer-practitioner nurses work within the public medical system for about 2-3 days every week then teach medicine courses in educational institutions. Lastly, there are fully-fledged lecturers who teach medicine-related courses in universities. Nursing is an interesting career because it holds infinite possibilities for nurses, has comfortable working conditions and good rewards in the form of salaries and other employee benefits and holds many opportunities for promotion and development. Work Schedule and responsibilities of nurses Nurses are concerned with nearly all the aspects of caring for patients from giving reassurance and cleanliness to giving prescribed injections, bringing up to date the medical records and well as slight restorative and analytical processes. The schedules and responsibilities for nurses differ depending on the profession and level of nursing. Surgical nurses assist in the OR with equipment and supplies from pre-surgical prep, to post-operative care. Nurses can be generalists or obtain Master’s degrees and additional certifications to specialize in a specific area such as pediatric, cardiac, neonatology, oncology, or just about any medical specialty (Farkas, 2012). Various nursing options that have been mentioned but one common factor runs across all types of nurses and that is the fact that is the nursing process. The nursing process refers to guidelines that control the behavior of nurses toward each patient that follows five main steps: assessment, analysis, scheduling, imp lementation and assessment. Education requirements and accomplishments for nurses Education for nurses comprises of practical and theoretical training with the intention of preparing individuals for their responsibilities as nurses. The nursing profession requires exemplary education achievements from the basic education level. A diploma in nursing is the minimum requirement that any student has to achieve before they can become a nurse. These diplomas are hospital-based and take up to three years and 30-62 credit hours (Farkas, 2012). Some of the subjects studied include microbiology, anatomy, chemistry, physiology and nutrition. The next level is the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) that is a four-year course. The degree level includes an internship period that exposes the students to real life experiences in medicine (Kearney-Nunnery, 2008). BSN students enjoy more clinical and classroom hours as compared to diploma students and BSN graduates can be recognized professional nurses. Clinical experience is however compulsory for all nursing students as it serves to increase the experience of most students. From this level, nursing students can choose to advance their studies to the masters or doctorate level. At the master’s level, the student is prepared for specialization that gives them the title of an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN). At the advanced level, a nurse can choose to specialize as a nurse practitioner (NP) area, a midwife, a clinical nurse specialist or a certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) (Farkas, 2012). Many nursing certifications and credentials are awarded according to the educational and professional achievements that nurses possess. The highest post nominal credential is the doctorate level. The state licensure and the title cannot be removed or revoked unless evidence of a professional misconduct can be brought before the court. Nurses also hold non-nursing credentials that are include in their titles. However, at the doctor of nursing level, most of the studying done revolves around diagnoses and treatment of illnesses. These education qualifications enable nursing students become more competent in other areas of medicine other than taking caring of patients. Benefits of nursing profession The nursing profession offers very high job security. Nursing is a very stable job and given the shortage of nurses globally, nurses have constant opportunities to work in their home countries or choose to work in foreign countries where their services are similarly required. The nursing profession is also very lucrative especially at the higher ranks where nurses occupy leadership and managerial positions. On average, a nurse at the degree level earns between $30,000 and $60, 000 per month while the more experienced and educated nurses earn up to $80, 000 that makes the profession very rewarding (Lucia et al, 2009). Nursing allows an individual to impact on the health condition of sick people in the world. The nursing profession places experts in position where they can alleviate pain, treat illnesses and bring happiness to the lives of suffering people. Many people suffer from internal and external illnesses that is alleviated and treated by nurses. The job is therefore very rewarding to nurses who value the life of a human being. Nurses have the option of applying to work in different parts of the world where they are needed the most and this enables an individual desiring to be a nurse, the chance to change the lives of the population where she desires. Other benefits of working as a nurse include a dynamic workplace. Nurses can work in hospitals, schools and other public institutions. Whatever the platform, nurses enjoy an exciting and fast-paced lifestyle as they get to handle different cases everyday and come into contact with different patients which makes their job very interesting. Nursing also has a flexible scheduling system that can allow a nurse to select the shifts to work (Whitehead et al, 2008). Shortcomings of the nursing profession At the international level, nurses are in shortage in most public and private hospitals. The major cause for this shortage is the pitiable working conditions that nurses work in. In a recent review of the empirical human factors and ergonomic literature specific to nursing performance, nurses were found to work in generally poor environmental conditions. Individually, nurses do more work than doctors do as they oversee all the patients that are admitted, prepare the theaters for doctors and do other administrative work. The working conditions are also difficult in that nurses work under cognitive burdens, perform multiple tasks and encounter many interruptions. The shortage of nurses can cause a burnout among the nurses working all day and night. The physical overload is also difficult in that nurses work long hours and handle many patient requirements. As a result, nurses experience musculo-skeletal disorders, stress and physical strain. In summary, the nursing career system often surpasses the confines and capacities of normal human performance. There are regulations controlling the number of patients that nurses can effectively serve on a daily basis although the law may differ according to the state that has formulated it. Studies have been done to determine whether the training for nurses can make them competent enough to perform the tasks done by physicians who proved that nurses could effectively do these tasks. Such researches reinforce placing a large workload on the nurses within a medical institution (Whitehead et al, 2008). The nursing profession is very rewarding in terms of benefits and other allowances. However, nurses rarely get time off to engage in other personal activities such as recreation, spending time with family or attending to other businesses. Nurses regularly work day and night shifts that may interfere with the family life, create a distance that forms the foundation for conflicts, and ultimately divorce. Depending on the type of nurse, a professional could deal with stressful families who have their patients in hospitals. Certain patients can also cause traumatic experiences for nurses that may interfere with their competence and skill (Lucia et al, 2009). Conclusion Nursing involves taking care of the health issues within society. Their work is slightly different from other health care providers in that role is limited to preparing patients for doctors, preparing treatments for patients and administering other required tasks in the hospitals. The current trend within most universities and colleges has however opened up other avenues to nurses that could see them practice other forms of medicine on a public and even private basis. The work schedules for nurses are usually packed and become worse during major accidents and calamities. The education requirements for a nurse are also achievable and have the option of further progress to higher qualifications such as masters or doctorate in nursing. Nursing as a career will involve an individual spending a greater part of their lives tending to the physical, mental and other problems. Nursing also involves working under a lot of pressure and odd hours such as night shifts and through holidays. The career is therefore advisable for young energetic people with a passion for making the lives of other people more comfortable and healthy. The traditional perceptions of nursing that are possessed by most people in the medical profession stand in the way of realizing nursing as a complete and lucrative career. One of the top benefits of being a nurse is that clinching a license opens up opportunities to operate in any location in the world. If taken up as a career, nursing can lead to new avenues of practicing medicine among the new generation of scholars. Even though the nursing profession has its benefits that include good compensation and opportunities for growth, there are certain aspects within the profession that raises questions concerning its ability to serve the health needs of the masses. Lecturers in nursing schools duplicate the vague information in textbooks concerning alternative medicine to students and this denies them the opportunity to learn the proper way to solve health complications. Teachers in nursing school support the inclusion of abstract elements in their curriculum such as healing properties of touch’ and the ‘power of the mind to heal. While these abstract aspects may have some truth in them, administering these kinds of treatments to crucial patients is difficult. These schools produce students that have a vague idea of alternative medicines that makes them incompetent when mainstream treatment methods fail.

Early americas history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Early americas history - Essay Example This paper will analyze two of the articles available in the book during a period when slavery was rampant in the south (Johnson, 2012). One of the articles is ‘Plantation rules’ written by Barrow as a code of regulations that he wrote down. The article appears in one of the plantation journals written during a time when slavery of black people was the order of the day. The article presents us with clear picture of the rules that a black slave adhered to and the level of ownership that the owner felt. The document depicts what was happening in the American past at around 1852. Barrow wrote down this article with his black slaves in mind because he expected them to understand precisely his expectations for as long as they worked under him (255-256). From the article, some facts become clear about the period of 1800’s in the United States. During this time, blacks worked for white landowners as slaves. In addition, the owners of land perceived slaves as their proper ty. Therefore, they formulated rules that governed the entire life of the salve. The article highlights the restrictions that the slaves went through on the farms. They worked all day long and had to acquire permission in order to engage in any extra activity. The owner of the slaves controlled their movements. Through this, he intended to ensure that slaves did not interact with other slaves fro m other farms. He was aware of the potential reactions of black slaves. If they met too often and without control from their owners, slaves were likely to stage a rebellion. From the article, a reader realizes that black slaves did not have an opportunity to enjoy their rights as free individuals. They received minimal allowances for their work. They often worked for long hours. In addition, the owner limited the development of relationships of the slaves forbidding them from marrying from a different farm. The article highlights the plight of slaves in the southern states in ancient Americ a. It tells the facts from the owner’s point of view without altering and it presents reliable information of the fate of Negroes who ended up in white farms (258). However, the article does not reveal the story from the slave’s point of view. However, it provides the reader with an opportunity to experience the attitude and power exercised by slave owners in ancient America. The article highlights the core issue that led to racial issues between the whites and blacks. The article is the ‘confession of Nat Turner’ officially published by Ruffin Gray. Gray was the lawyer to Turner, a slave who was responsible for the organization of a slave revolution in one of the southern states, Virginia. Turner had been a slave who could not bear the conditions that surrounded slavery and called upon other slaves to raise a rebellion against the whites who were continually oppressing the slaves and overworking them. Turner’s confession targeted the entire America n public at that time. He was in jail and felt took the responsibility of narrating his reasons and contributions in organizing the revolution. He made his confessions to Gray, the lawyer who published the confession (259). From his account, it becomes evident that slavery in the southern states was very rampant. In addition, the article elaborates how the salves perceived the situation they were going through. Turner claims that he sought to organize a revolt with a divine motivation. He described

Hurricane Katrina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Hurricane Katrina - Essay Example Around mid 19th Century, the ‘Irish Potato Famine’ hit Ireland while ‘Hurricane Katrina’ hit United States in 2005; both disasters had many similarities and a few differences. Both Irish Potato Famine and Hurricane Katrina were natural disasters that hit different countries at different times. Hurricane Katrina is one of the most destructive disasters that have hit the American coastline over the centuries. It was unprecedented and spread so fast to vast areas, from the Bahamas to Florida to the Gulf of Mexico. Other areas affected included Louisiana, New Orleans, Texas, and the coast of Mississippi among other areas. Massive flooding was experienced within a very short period. Between 1845 and 1952, Ireland experienced a disastrous famine that affected livelihoods due to the failure of the crop that the people almost exclusively relied on. The cause of the crop failure was due to an unprecedented potato blight that had originated from Mexico and found its w ay to Ireland. The magnitude of the two disasters is comparable given the different times that they occurred. To a person in the 19th, century, potato blight that was caused by fungi appeared to be a mystery and could not be understood and no immediate solution was found. The same case happened in 2005 when the hurricane got the people off guard, the best thing that could have been done was to evacuate those who were in the prone areas. Floods extended over large areas and completely curtailed operations in the entire region. Lives were lost in both incidences, it was estimated that up to one thousand, eight hundred and thirty three people lost their lives during the hurricane and the subsequent floods. These figures could have risen if it were not for immediate intervention by the government agencies as well as other rescue operators. Property estimated at more than $81 billion was lost in the process. For the case of the Irish Potato Famine, it was reported that more than eight hu ndred thousand people died and more than one million others found their way to other countries in the world. Despite the two disasters being similar in that they were all natural, there is a difference in how the population reacted to the incidences. While the Americans were so swift to find a solution to the prevailing problem that threatened the country, the Irish situation is as if it emanated from their own making. The level of preparedness was very poor and the aspect of overreliance on potatoes as the staple food posed a threat that could result to a food crisis as it came to be. It is also ironical that despite the people dying of hunger, the country still exported grains to other countries. The issue was not looked into with seriousness even after the experts addressed the cause, they made a wrong conclusion. For Katrina, every minute mattered and the rescuers were on high gear not only to rescue the survivors but also there was a concerted effort to contain the situation. F ederal agencies such as National Hurricane Centre, United States Coast Guard and National Weather Service had an insurmountable input in the path to containing the situation. Those who slept on their job faced the axe such as the director of Federal Emergency Management agency. Both disasters had lasting effects as characterized by the aftermath of the two incidences. The economy of Ireland downsized

External and Internal Environmental Analysis of Caribou Coffee Essay

External and Internal Environmental Analysis of Caribou Coffee - Essay Example fee followed the rules and regulations of American government in an efficient way, the introduction of disabilities act affected the functioning of the organization to a considerable extent. This was owing to the fact that after the introduction of this law, the management of Caribou Coffee had to offer uniform wages to all of its employees irrespective of any disability, which enhanced the total operating revenue (Scribd, n.d.). However, it also assisted the organization to minimize discrimination within its workplace and maintain uniformity. Besides, introduction of licensing helped Caribou Coffee to maintain safety and security within the functions of the organization, resulting in the overall augmentation of its corporate image and distinctiveness among other competitors in the beverage segment (Caribou Coffee Company, n.d.). Due to the recent inflation that occurred in the US, the income rates and living standards of the citizens declined to a considerable extent leading to the lowering of buying behavior of the customers. As a result, the total sales of Caribou Coffee reduced by 0.2 million to 63 million, resulting in the decline in its profitability and productivity by a significant extent (Scribd, n.d.). The society of America is highly passionate about coffee not only in the social gatherings but also in professional discussions. The prime aspect behind this is to enhance the friendliness and affection within the co-members of the group. Coffee is not only regarded as a stimulator in the American society, but is often considered to be a cause of gathering to revitalize long term relationship (Scribd, n.d.). This reason can further be regarded as a vital motivating factor for organizations including Caribou Coffee for creating their mission towards offering a refreshing coffee to the American population (Caribou Coffee Company, 2012). Modernization has apparently led to the introduction of varied types of inventive equipments and technologies within the

Impact of Ash Cloud on British Airways

Impact of Ash Cloud on British Airways INTRODUCTION Purpose: The purpose of this project was to analyse a current issue that has affected the current hospitality industry drastically. In the recent scenario, natural disaster has been seen to put a major impact on major hospitality industry .The main purpose of the task was to choose a situation of unavoidable circumstances, which could be either terrorism or natural calamity, that organisations have faced recently, and provide a solution of the situation recently faced. Scope: While investigating the current scenario, it was important to focus on the operation and functions of the company and how these operations got affected due these particular circumstances Method: The method used in this task, was through information gathered, mainly from the secondary sources such as business magazines and articles and some old news papers. Secondary sources came out to be very helpful in gathering the customer reviews and staff reviews who were affected by these circumstances Limitation: As every project work has some limitation. As an author, it would be imperative to mention the limitation of this task .The main limitation of the task was relying only on the secondary sources of the information as primary sources were meant to be more confidential by the company. I would consider this as a limitation as it is a belief that secondary sources always have some differences with the primary one. LITERATURE REVIEW By Peter Apps LONDON | Fri Apr 16, 2010 7:58pm EDT European fuel cost of jet marked degree of difference to ICE-traded gas oil contract went down to $ 0.50 on Thursday and $ 48 a metric ton on Friday. But forecasters said the enduring price effect would be least once flights recommence; most of the airline purchase is done through long-standing contracts. European gas, oil, gas electricity production is unexpected to be affected. Some PLANES FROM THE OIL RIGS COMMENCED ,BUT THE SOURCES SAID THAT THE IMPACT OF SOLAR POWER WOULD BE MORE RATHER THAN THE CLOUDS THAT ARE PASSING BY.ACCORDING SOURCES OF THE WIND INDUSTRY SAID THAT COLD DUST WOULD NOT CREATE PROBLEM FOR THE WIND TURBINES  · IMPACT ON HELTH World Health Organization warned the ash could create problems for them, who have breathing difficulties, though it did not still had assessed this sort of specific eruption. A respiratory disease Scottish expert said to Reuters that the less poisonous DUST THOSE WER DRIFTING AROUND UK WAS LESS LIKELY TO DO ANY BIG HARM BECAUSE TO HARM PEOPLE ,THE QUANTITY SHOULD BE EXTRA AGRICULTURAL AND CLIMATE IMPACT Scientists SAID THAT THIS ERUPTION DID NOT SEEM TO HAVE CREATED ANY MASSIVE DUST THAT WOULD IMPACT PEOPLE OR FARMING,BUT THEY WER BIT CONCERNED THAT A BIGGER ERUPTION FROM KATLA VOLCANOE WOULD BE DIFFERENT THING ALTOGETHER By Andrew Torchia) By Andrew Torchia) Near about 17,000 planes were LIKELY to be STOPPED FROM FLYING on Friday, with airdromes clogged across much of subcontinent. Shares in airlines fell between 2 to 4 percent. Ryanair said it may cancel planes to and from north European countries till GMT 1200 on Monday. The interruption is costing air industry in excess of $200 million a day, (Fraport AG), that operates Germanys major airport in Frankfurt, states its primary estimate was for the dust ash to incur it between 2.5 to 3 million Euros a day. Icelands position means the flare-up could prompt broader disturbances to international aeroplanes. Iceland falls in the right on one of the crucial routes between USA and the Europe and as per meteorological circumstances it might also affect aeroplanes from Europe to Asia, thats why there are 2 big global flows which might be affected by this, as said by John Strickland, who is director of consultancy of air transport( JLS Consulting). There could be still disturbances to other planes or might have to go for more indirect routes, which increases costs and maybe even require flights to land as it would not be possible to go through direct route. ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTS Eurostar, that runs from London to other European continent, said railways were running at full capacity and it may lay extra trains if required. A taxi company of London Addison Lee said it took requests for travels to European cities Milan, Paris, Salzburg, Zurich and in Austria. IMPACT ON AIR CARGO Landed CARGO PLANES HAD TO STOP DELIVERY of stuffs such as microchips, vegetation and mails. Europes major express delivery dfirm Deutsche said it had to switch to roadways wherever it was possible. Clicking to sea cargoes would be an alternative for longer deliveries, though not for less life items such as flowers, but ship forecasters said it would probably take more days before companies started booking again by marine. Pharmaceutical equipment in particular is frequently transported by airway, but specialist forecasters said there were plenty stocks, therefore there should be no bigger shortages for that time. ENERGY JBC Energys replica for Europe jet fuel utilization puts daily expenditure at 1.17 million barrels in a day, so presuming an approximate 80 percent of Europes aerodromes were close for 48 hours, the interruption would have cut 1.87 mn barrels in demand Some demands may just vanish and those who have to fly will ultimately fly, but there will certainly be some planes that just dont take place, as said by JBC Energy fuel forecaster David Wech. european oil prices of jet went dowm from $48 to $50.50 on thursday ,but the analyst told that future impact would only be less and as soon as the fligths will resume ,it will do fast recovery. ACCORDING TO THE SOURCES FULES AND GAS PRICES WERE LESS LIKELY TO SUFFER.ALSO THE SOURCES SAID THAT SMALL HELICOPTERS COMING AND GOING FROM THE OIL RIGS ALSO COMMENCED IMPACT ON INSURANCE Airlines are believed to have less recourse to insurance companies. Most of the airlines are nor insured next to cancellations nor commerce trouble at aerodromes. Munich Re said it might offer cessation insurance to air companies if essential. Till now there hasnt been any demand in market, as said by a spokeswoman.Perhaps that will change at this time. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE63F65A20100416?feedType=RSSsp=true Iceland volcano Ash cloud: airline passengers face further misery    Image  1  of  5 The cloud has caused massive disruption to European airspace.  Photo: AP Iceland volcano Ash cloud: airline passengers face further misery    Image  1  of  5 Passengers face further disruption as airlines struggled to change flight plans.  Photo: AFP/GETTY Iceland volcano Ash cloud: airline passengers face further misery    Image  1  of  5 They receieved good news, however, after the High Court outlawed further strikes by BA workers.  Photo: AP Iceland volcano Ash cloud: airline passengers face further misery    Image  1  of  5 The airline has been hit by the wave of industrial action.  Photo: PA By Andrew Hough, David Millward and Caroline Gammell 8:15AM BST 18 May 2010 Postponements were still expected at aerodromes throughout the country in spite of a last minute slab being placed on manufacturing action intended by BA crew strike and an repair of aviation no flying regulations to decrease future airline closures caused by Icelands Eyjafjoell eruptions. Official staffs admitted disruption would possibly carry on for the majority of the week. Airlines were struggling a lot to return timetable to normal after cloud of thick ash gist over the continent, shutting major aerodromes and making more than 1,000 planes to be negated. Airlines, that have incurred millions of money due to the ash alertness, criticised Mondays shutting of airports and criticise the replica used to forecast the spread of the volcanic dust as obsolete and out of place. Executives act in response with rage to what they disagree were unnecessary limitations introduced by over watchful security watchdogs. British Airways CEO Willie Walsh directed the disapproval, labelling limitations as a gross over response to a very slight risk. Experts told that the volcano, which lasted month, resulted most of Europes aerodromes to be close down for one week, has released massive quantity of ash dust, which can block jet engines, as it began to explode one month ago and cautioned that there was no finish to this in sight. Last months eruption strained many countries in north Europe to close their aerodromes, making in excess of 100,000 flights to land and an approximate 10 million explorer globally. The (IATA), the international airline industry branch forecasted that last months closure was Europes major since 2nd World War cost transporters in excess of  £1.1 billion. The latest outbreak strained Londons airports to close for 6 hours on Monday, leading to lots of postponements and score of aeroplanes in the incorrect place. Near about 200 flights were abandon at Heathrow, 88 in Gatwick and 40 in Liverpool airport. And also 50,000 passengers were stranded. Aerodrome official cautioned travellers it may take time for aeroplanes to clear the log jam of postponed flights and recommended them to get in touch with their airlines before leaving for the airport. After a day of confusion, passengers afterwards received a twofold dose of positive news after the Court banned the back-to-back agitation by cabin crew of BA while the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) distorted its criterion for allowing aircraft to take off. The court decision came very late for BA to re-establish its full flying timetable at Heathrow that had been interrupted earlier in the day by the ash dust. In spite of the High Court ban, British Airways confessed that planes will still be affected for the whole of the week The airline industry has been anxiously trying to restore the 80 small haul and 30 lengthy haul planes from Heathrow which faced curtailments had the strike went further ahead. One spokesman for the airline industry told half of small-haul and 40 % of lengthy-haul services from Londons may be affected as it was too late to restore a overall service. He told that its function, however, was thought to return to usual by the end of week. The verdict was a enormous relief for the industry which told the court that as it had planned for five-days strikes, it would have coasted the airline industry £138 million. Union representing BA crew, prepared to plea against the ban which stopped strike action planned by 1000 of members in the acidic row over employment, staffing and pay levels. The ruling came as the CAA proclaimed that it had formed a new limited time zone to allow specific aircraft to go through a bigger density of dust than previously allowed. The change that came into effect at noontime on Tuesday would not only have an effect on Flyby initially, but other airline industry is believed to follow. Once producer and airline companies have offered a joint safety case which gives a proof that they can go through the dust ash without harm, they will be permitted to fly. As a consequence of this alter, there are no forecasted limits on UK air in the instant prospect, said Richard Deakin, the CEO of Nats, the traffic control company. The CAA blamed the Met Office for the newest close down. The Met Office replica was forecasting ash which wasnt there when the check flights were done, a spokesman from CAA said We have enquired the Met Office as to why their forecasted model showed a thing that was not consequently backed up. The Met Office backed up its computer system, insisting it was assisted by imagery of satellite, observation, laser checks of the ash in the environment and other proof from test planes. It said the dust was over South East but not in the levels that ground aircraft The amount of ash is uncertain on an hourly base. The circumstances are very runny, a spokesman said to the Daily Mail. In Iceland in the meantime, there have been no signal of the volcano ending. Experts told that the Eyjafjoell flare-up, which started on April 14, have shaped up thrice, with the newest surge of movement coming Friday in April. from the starting of the outbreak, they predicted that 250 million cubic metres of tephra (ash and other fragmental material) has been formed, as said by Iceland geophysicist Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson. The civil protection of Iceland agency told that the ash cloud was travelling to the north and wasnt expected to drift to Europe in coming two days May2010 by Andrew Hough, David Millward and Caroline Gammell http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/7735248/Iceland-volcano-ash-cloud-airline-passengers-face-further-misery.html CASE STUDY ON BRITISH AIRWAY (April 16, 2010) Steve Rothwell and Sabine Pirone On April 16 (Bloomberg) British Airways and Virgin Atlantic Airways Ltd. and cargoes that depend on lengthy -haul business tour for earnings would be worst-hit by the close down in air travel affected by the outbreak of the Icelandic volcano. Airline companies may incur $1 billion loss, if ash cloud keeps the European airports closed the weekend, the central for Asia Pacific Company said. British Airways, which earns daily revenue of near about 24 million pounds ($37 million), halted all planes today as U.K. aerodrome was confined until 1 a.m. tomorrow least. Airline industry will have to incur their major losses in the trans- Atlantic business-passenger group, Ashley Steel, Global Chair for Transport and Infrastructure at KPMG, said in a conference. For airline like BA, every day as their plane being grounded will likely to incur millions of money. The effect on economy-class sales is likely to be weakened because persons will be changing their bookings and ultimately still fly. The ash cloud from the Icelands Eyjafjallajà ¶kull volcanoes roofed parts of Britain, Germany, Norway, Ireland, Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Netherlands Russia this morning and afterwards glided over France, Poland Czech Republic. Its estimate to reach Switzerland, Austria and Hungary by midnight, according to U.K. Meteorological Official data. 6 million passengers could have been affected if closures extended to April 18.. Business Trips British Airways, which is the No. 1 transporter in the market of north Atlantic including planes between London to New York, was prone to undergo loss most from the interruption because of its dependence on traveller making trips of business that cannot be rescheduled. U.Ks top. Billionaire Richard Bransons Virgin Atlantic, which is the largest long-haul competitor to British Airways at Heathrow Airport, would have also lost revenue that would have been doubtful to be recovering, as said by KPMGs Steel. Coach class travellers and all those flying with the discount air buses on vacation or may be to visit friends, family were more likely to rearrange their journeys, she said. British Airways and the Virgin Atlantic said it will be very early to provide an approximation for the cost of the interruption. They said We arent giving any direction on the cost incurred at this moment, BAS spokeswoman Cathy West told in a phonic interview. We have got no clue when it is going to finish yet. The Virgin spokeswoman Anna Knowles told the Crawley, which is an England- based company, that virgin is concentrating on getting process up the operation and the running and that it is impossible to put figure on loss till now. Never Return Lots of BA and the Virgin passenger goes for top cabins and these people are travelling on totally -refundable tickets, said Steel. Most of the money will not return to them as passengers will just not go for rebooking the berths. The closedown could also tilt the balance for unbeneficial SAS AB, the current owner of Scandinavian Airlines, were one of the first flights to scrap planes as the cloud swept over Norway, Sweden , Denmark, as Steel said. Competitor Nordic carrier Finn air told that the languishness is incurring it 2 million Euros ($2.7 million) in a day. The carrier had to cancel 435 flights so far, and affected 54,000 travellers. SAS plans to approximate volcano-related expenses by April 19, Sture Stoelen, head of investor relations, told by telephone. Its complex, Stoelen said. Were losing revenue but also saving on operating costs, but then there are other costs for hotels and so on. The ash cloud has interrupted flying just like European carriers moved to hectic and more well-paid summer schedules, said Yan Derocles, who is an analyst at Oddo Securities Paris.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  This is the most busiest time for airline industry, specially on North Atlantic direction, . Derocles said that the leading names will be losing 40 million to 60 million Euros in a day. Physical Damage Airline industry insurance strategy wont normally pay out unless theres a damage to the equipment, as said Alexandra Lewis, who is a spokeswoman for London-based Benfield branch of Aon Corp., which is the worlds biggest insurance broker. Insurers cover up business disruption only if bodily damage is the cause for it, as said Richard Manson, a spokesperson for the manufacturing insurance unit of Munich-oriented Allianz SE, continents major insurer. Thats why they did not anticipate claim from clients which included airline industry as well aerodrome. The closedown is likely to incur aviation industry near about 0.25 percentage of their yearly income per day as said by Joe Gill ,who is an analyst in Bloxham securities at Dublin that covers firms like Ryanair Holdings Plc, EasyJet Plc, which is continents two major low fare carriers. The aviation industry will be clawing back good amount of money by looking for to increase give up a measure of prices of tickets as demand rushes in the immediate consequences of the airport shut downs. The largest expenses will be for re-booking and re-funding travellers, MR Manson said, with income losses partly offset by petroleum savings. Airline industry will be losing a combined billion $2.8 in 2010 following an approximate billion $9.4 increasing loss previous year, as predicted by the International Air Transport previous month. http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-16/british-airways-virgin-atlantic-may-suffer-most-from-ash-cloud.html With support from Robert Fenner in the Melbourne, Oliver Suess from Munich, Crowley at London. And the Editors: Chris Jasper and Kenneth Wong. Adapted from the editorials of Steve Rothwell, London at [emailprotected]; Sabine Pirone, London at [emailprotected] The editors responsible for this story adapted: Kenneth Wong at [emailprotected]; Benedikt Kammel at [emailprotected] Company overview COMPANY FINANCIAL OVERVIEW British Airways is among the worlds leading listed finest international airline company. The organisation chiefly operates in the Europe and US. This organisation has headquarters in Harmondsworth, in the UK and employs 41,494 staffs. The company has recorded earnings of GBP 7,994 million equivalent to $12,761.1 million) throughout the fiscal year ended March 2010 -(FY2010), a diminish of 11.1 percent as compared to the FY2009.The functioning loss of the corporation Was GBP 231 million equivalent to $368.8 million as during the FY2010, compared to the functioning loss of GBP 220 million ($351.2 million)in the FY2009. The net- profit was GBP 182 million -$290.5 million as in FY2010, compare to net loss of GBP 1,360 million (USD 2,171 million) in FY2009. History The foundation of British Airways runs equivalent to the history of civil airline industry in the globe. On the August of 25, 1919, The British Airways predecessor company The Aircraft Transport and Travel commenced the worlds first every day international planned air service running between London to Paris. In March 31, 1924, UKs four airline company Inston and Handley Page Transport, and Daimler Airways and British Air Marine Navigation fused to form the Imperial Airways Ltd. About this time, a quantity of small UK air companies also had started their functioning. All these combined in 1935, to shape the new private owned BA Ltd. During 1939 November, UK Government made Imperial Airways along with British Airways nationalised, to give ascend to the beginning of the British Overseas Airways Corporation. After the Second World War, The BOAC sustained to function lengthy-haul services, whilst other international l European and local flights were runned by a novel airline company, British European Airways Corporation (BEA). On 1972, BOAC and the BEA were merged under the new created British Airways Board. Afterwards, the separate airline companies were fused to shape British Airways, on 1974. Privatization With a vision to switch British Airways to private high revenue making Airline Company, late Lord King supposed the situation of its president, in 1981. After which he selected Colin Marshall as CEO of the airline company. The arduous efforts of King and CEO ultimately made the massive loss making Airline Company to one of the major profit earning air planes in the globe. Consequently, the airline company said itself as The Worlds much-loved Airline Company, in that time when other big airline company suffered to set up their place in the civil airline industry. The airline companys image was transformed under the leadership of king. Ultimately, this resulted to the British Airways privatisation, in the year 1987. Fleet and S Destination The British Airways has a up to date fleet which has average age of 9 years. It includes of near about 228 aircrafts, including Airbus (A319), Airbus (A320-200), Airbus (A321-200), Boeing (737-400), Boeing (747-400), Boeing (757-200), Boeing (767-300ER), Boeing (777-200) and Boeing (777-200ER). Currently, the British Airways travels to 6 local places and in 143 intercontinental places in 69 countries, which includes six continents around the world. , British Airways to Delhi and Mumbai, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. http://www.iloveindia.com/airlines-in-india/international/british-airways.html Effect of ash cloud on British airways (based on the guardian report) As per the report British Airways said the confusion caused by the air travel ban across much of continent is incurring between 15m to  £20m in a day and that it will be looking for reimbursement from EU and UK government. Travel operator, the Tui Travel approximated its expenses at GBP 5m AND  £6m per day whilst budget plane service Easy Jet had put its expenses at GBP 5m per day. The Shares in airline companies and the holidays companies Around the Europe struggled with quick falls in stock market places as the interruption intensified. CEO of BA Willie Walsh told: This is an unparalleled situation which is having a enormous impact on travellers and airline companies alike. They told that they carry on offering enormous support to their customers. Though, these are unexpected conditions that are beyond all airline companies hold. To help us with these circumstances, The European airline industry has enquired EU and country governments for monetary compensation for the shutting of airplanes. There is a reason for this to happen as reimbursement was paid after the shutting of US airplane subsequent terrorist incidents of 9/11 and obviously the effect of the current circumstance is more significant. The BA shares were among the major fallers in FTSE 100, plummeting just above 3% to-227p. Travel group the Thomas Cook was downwards 4..5 percentage at 249.8p and the easy Jet shares were slated by 5% at 545p and the Tui tour went down almost 4% to 280.4p. British Airways said it has important financial support available to it to maintain a substantial period of shutting of the UKs air industry. In the beginning of the fly limitations on 14 April, it was having above  £1.7bn of hard cash and near about more than GBP 400m in on hand credit line, it can sustain if necessary. It told passengers, those booked to journey on cancelled planes can claim a full reimbursement or book again their journey afterwards. Tui, which is the company at the back of Thomson Holidays and the First Choice, said it is going in loss between 5m to  £6m per day as of the flight prohibit. The interruption resulted from the dust erupted from the Icelands Eyjafjallajokull eruptions has already incurred the holiday agents GBP 20m, and also it said that near about 100,000 of its passengers are stranded globally, and it is not able to fly them home whilst European airlines remains shut down.As for the organisation, this is a phase of somewhat low vacation programmes, but the interruption to our plan will still have a monetary impact, it told. The concern said it provided appropriate help to passengers jammed in their holiday places. Passengers who cant start their vacation because UK aerodromes have been stopped while late last week was been given the option of a recompense from the Tui, or scheduling their trip again .Near about 90 percentage of UK consumers had opted to rebook. Tui also added that it had been working with other dealers and airline companies in a belief that regulators allow the recommencement of flights as early as possible. Tui reported previous month to that it was considering a revival in customer demand as the summer business period comes near. In the previous financial year it made a fundamental profit of GBP 366m, from income of  £13.8bn. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/apr/19/ba-volcanic-ash-losing-money Discussion As we can see that natural calamities are unpredictable, and cost millions to the companies which depends on weather .In the case of British airways we can see that ash cloud was, such a calamity which coasted not only British airways in millions ,but other airlines too. Particularly in the case of British airways, we can see that, it incurred heavy losses. According to the report by Rob Hull as stated in share prices .com Share prices in the air industry rose late in the market to a close price of 235p after information reports recommended operations from main airports may be backed up and operating at some point . In spite some planes were able to go further on Tuesday morning from north UK aerodromes, The British Airways had to land all of their short haul flights for the 6th successive day because of uncertainty hovering the latest volcanic ash dust. Because of which, BA share drowned again to a low down of 229.30p currently with current prices at 09.15 being 230p and 0.73 % down, with forecasted sum losses 15m to GBP 20m per day for group. British Airways told in the statement former that morning: that they were preparing to function short haul planes scheduled to leave from 7pm, which was later cancelled. They told that they are still hopeful to run long haul planes which were planned to leave after 4pm, Tuesday 20th April, though these leftovers subject to the whole and permanent start of air planes. Another report regarding the possible re-opening of aerodrome from National Air Traffic Service which was due at 15:00 that day with NATS sustaining close contact with the Metrological Office concerning the state of British airdrome. And as they headed to the sixth day of cancelled flights, airplanes and travel companies have reportedly turned to Government for the deals. According to the reports, Travel TUI was GBP 20m downwards with every day bills going up to GBP 6m, Easy jet also lost a sum of GBP 40m until now and the Thomas Cook was supposed to have lost  £7m . All the four groups including British Airways had approached Government for recompense for these enormous losses. Though, Easy jet and the Thomas Cook organisations along with Ryan air were in soptimistic province , with FTSE 100 0.36 % upwards in all 09:40 ,Tuesday ,20th April. TUI share cost, like British Airways , were still downwards but the company had disclosed information by saying that it intends to increase near about 500m of fresh financing through convertible bond and also added bank services. Therefore we can see that, whereas short haul airways such as Ryan air and easy jet were not so much affected by the ash cloud, British airways and Virgin airways, which are basically long haul airlines were heavily affected by this calamity (April2010)RobHull shareprices.com [Adapted from] April 2010, Business week :http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-04-16/british-airways-virgin-atlantic-may-s uffer-most-from-ash-cloud.html A final thought In a final thought we can say that natural calamities are unstoppable and, companies relying on it has to frame additional plans that can help cope up with busy and anxious situations like this .In the case Of British Airways and Virgin Atlantic, It would be a suggestion to plan with government authorities and financial institutions to safeguard heavy loss during this type of situations

The U.s School System :: essays research papers

When one is a student, it is ever so simple to criticize the way that schools are conducted. The ideas of students towards their schools may be somewhat misguided by their varied emotions and attitudes for their school. However I believe that my thought out reforms for the American school system, are not only objective, but valid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For many students, going to school is more than just part of the daily routine. A lot of students see their role in school as a stepping stone not only to their future life, but to their future success. Some people in the school however do not even feel the slightest bit of pressure to do well in school. These people are satisfied with mediocrity. Possibly even worse, some are careless towards not only their on education, but neglectful towards the schooling of others. I think that such students who are not only disruptive, but destructive, should not be dealt with such a severity, that they will either realize the error of their ways or that they do not belong in a public school. Through my few years in high school, I have noticed some students who are always breaking rules. And for some of these students, they are so regularly in trouble that the standards for their behavior is lessened , being permitted to break small rules because the standard for their behavi or is lessened. This is a excellent example, why I believe in not only stern punishment, but set disciplinary action. A student should not be allowed the chance to break rules simply because that is just the way they are. Their bad habits will never be corrected, when they are not expected to act properly   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I haven't really had a great relationship with teachers, in the sense that I felt that they were able to give me good one on one assistance if needed. This however is not the fault of the teacher. Cities have a problem of expanding without planning. Oviedo for example, is possibly going to be a prominent city in the state of Florida. Even now, we are starting to see a major boom in not only population but development. I am not sure however, that I can say that the city is correctly planning for this development, if at all. Roads will need to be widened. Irrigation, and sanitation will need to be carefully managed.

Introduction to Law

Wherever people have lived together, they have found it necessary to develop rules of conduct. They need rules for the settlement of disputes. They also need rules for the organization of their governments. Law is the set of rules that the government enforces through its police, its courts, and its other agencies. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee demonstrates the importance of law in our communities, especially criminal law. Law makes it possible for men to live together peaceably in a community. If there were no law, every man could do just as he pleased, with law, the people in a community know that the government will enforce rules that will make it possible for them to live together without conflict. The philosophy or science of law is called jurisprudence. There are two main kinds of laws. Civil or public law helps settle disputes between people or companies. Criminal law deals with crimes, or actions that cause serious harm to an individual or group. Public law is the body of rules in which the government is directly involved. Public law regulates the relationships between individuals and the government. One group of rules in public law defines and limits the powers of the government. The part of public law most familiar to many persons is criminal law, which is the body of rules that we are commanded to obey. The government may fine those who do not obey, send them to jail, or even execute them. A number of smaller groups of rules also come under the general heading of public law. International law is concerned with agreements among nations, problems of boundaries, and other questions arising from the relationships of one country with another. Constitutional law deals with the problems that have arisen about various clauses in the United States Constitution. Problems in constitutional law include the organization of the government and the guarantees of our liberties. Administrative law is the body of rules made by administrative or executive agencies of government. The Interstate Commerce Commission, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the Federal Communications Commission are all examples of such an agency. Civil law includes the rules that regulate the relationships among people. Private law includes many smaller groups of rules. Some examples are the rules relating to contracts, personal injuries, and real estate. Most people think of only criminal law when they hear the word law. However, most lawyers and courts spend most of their time dealing with problems of private law. These private law problems includes taxation, business affairs, the transfer of property, and the collection of money for people injured through the fault of others. Cases or proceedings in civil courts are often called lawsuits. Social conditions continually change, and so the law must also change or become outdated. Every nation changes its laws in the manner that its political system prescribes. In a dictatorship, only the top government leaders can change the law. Democracies, however, have developed four main methods of changing the law. Democratic laws change by court decision, by legislation, by administrative action, and by the direct action of the people. Every independent country has its own legal system. The systems vary according to each country's social traditions and form of government. However, most systems can be classed as either a common-law system or a civil-law system. The United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and other English-speaking countries have a common-law system. Most other countries have a civil-law system. Many countries combine features of both systems. Law enforcement is one of the most important ways a government has of protecting its citizens. It usually refers to the action of police and the courts in catching and punishing criminals. However, a broad use of the term also includes the administration of justice in all law cases by the courts. Law enforcement is necessary to maintain order in a community, state, or country. Private citizens have more to do with law enforcement than simply obeying the laws. They should report to the authorities whenever they see a law being broken. Every citizen has the right to arrest a person he sees committing a crime. In conclusion, law is one of the most basic social institutions and one of the most necessary. No society could exist if all people did just as they pleased, without regard for the rights of others, nor could a society exist if its members did not recognize that they also have certain obligations toward one another. The law thus establishes the rules that define a person's rights and obligations. The law also sets penalties for people who violate these rules and states how government shall enforce the rules and penalties.

Education and Saudi females

Education and Saudi females Literature Review It is apparent that acquiring education has become more of a basic need than just a stage that one has to pass through while growing. The value of education can never be underestimated since it influences all aspects of a person’s life. Basic definitions of education need to be examined carefully so that this important element may be incorporated. According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, education is known to have a varying contextual meaning.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Education and Saudi females specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Education can be described as â€Å"the action or process of educating or being educated; also: a stage of such a process† (Merriam Webster dictionary, 2011 p. 87). In order to be to make a sound discussion, education has been treated as a transformational process which equips people in life. This paper is a review of literature on education among Sa udi females. It is a comprehensive review which illustrates how education is viewed differently in various parts of the world. This has been done by examining Saudi females and the processes of acquiring and using education. Education affects all areas of life. It can be argued out to be a tool which equips people’s minds to face the real world (Sedgwick, 2001). It is quite easier for educated folk to face the reality of life than those who are not educated (Hamdan, 2005). Hence, knowledge and information empower people by making them more resourceful in their respective communities. Besides, information is more enriching than any other achievable treasure (Elliott, 2008). This literature review makes a concerted effort to explore all significant factors of education in Saudi Arabia. It expounds on the influence of backgrounds, current and future state of education in Saudi Arabia. It also elaborates several aspects which impact girls’ education in the region. It is wo rth mentioning that this paper examines the history to female education and the challenges that females encounter in their pursuit of education. Context of education in Saudi Arabia An examination of the history of females’ educational activities in the competitive system in Saudi Arabia is pivotal. It is an informative approach which explains the current status of the education system. Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932. The ministry of education in Saudi Arabia was established in 1952 (Wilson Graham, 1994). At this time, both males and females were allowed to study through one of the three options available. Males were offered general education or traditional Islamic education, while females were only offered general education (Sedgwick, 2001). In the general education stream, males and females were taught the same curriculum and sat for the same examinations. A mandate was given to this Saudi agency which had a role of ensuring social welfare for all citizens.Advertising Looking for thesis on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ministry of education oversaw boys’ education (Wilson Graham, 1994). The placing of girl education under the jurisdiction of the General Presidency for Girls’ Education might seem to be contradictory and probably trigger thoughts of discrimination from rationally mature readers. The fact that Saudi Arabia was, and remains an Islamic nation, accounts for why the girl child was educated in accordance to Islamic values. This could not be an issue of contention. Human beings develop well when they are given a chance to follow the norms of their society (Jerichow, 1998).Women had enough space to pursue education. It is worth noting that between 1970 and 1982, there were 11 colleges established exclusively for women to pursue bachelor’s degrees. Some of the colleges had the capacity to offer masters degrees in â€Å"education, science , humanities and social work† (Sedgwick, 2001). One of the colleges offered doctorate studies in education (Sedgwick, 2001). The charts below (chart 1 and 2) show the progress of girls’ education in Saudi Arabia from 1974/5 compared to 2004/5. Chart 1 Chart 2Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Education and Saudi females specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By 2003, Saudi Arabia had the lowest literacy rate (62%) among the Gulf nations (Al-Khalifa, 2009). However, the literacy rates of men and women were 72% and 50% respectively (Al-Khalifa, 2009). Taking into consideration the rates of literacy of men and women (15% and 2% respectively) in 1970, it is clear that the literacy levels have continuously been improved though females continue to lag behind males. It is expected that by 2015, the rates will be much higher if the trends are to continue (Hamdan, 2005). It can be considered that the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia in 1930 was an important input towards the development of education. It was used in creating a pool of funds for schools to be set up across the nation. The discovery of oil in the nation is also highly associated with much of the changes associated with women and their education. Of great impact was the establishment of the ARAMCO (Arabian American Oil Company) which brought many American families working with the companies to Saudi Arabia in 1970s. Schools had to be built to educate the children of ARAMCO employees (Jerichow, 1998). This was a remarkable economic development. It proved to highly influential to the Saudi people. They got a consistent source of income to continue funding their education. Numbers of scholars grew accordingly. More women enrolled in schools since conditions became more favorable. Modernization has had an impact on the education of Saudi people. Women in Saudi Arabia have been changed accordingly. It has a highly felt impact to the gen eral Saudi Arabian society (Hamdan, 2005). The effect of placing the girl’s education under the jurisdiction of the General Presidency for Girls’ Education can be said to have altered the way girls and women in general viewed education. Challenges Confronted The kind of information that one is exposed to determines the ability of such a person (Ramady, 2010). As much as the Saudi Arabian education system was established as early as the 1950s, one may want to argue that it has been more of a psychological conditioning for the females. The case may be so because students were given a training which mastered their way of living. They were directed towards a behavior which concurred with societal norms (Farlex, 2011). Psychological conditioning can be defined as â€Å"a process of behavior modification in which a subject is encouraged to behave in a desired manner through positive or negative reinforcement, so that the subject comes to associate the pleasure or displeasur e of the reinforcement with the behavior† (Farlex, 2011). The conditioning of females in education to fit set measures is one of the biggest challenges to their education.Advertising Looking for thesis on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hamdan (2005) noted that girls’ education should not necessarily be streamlined to educate girls into domestic roles as â€Å"good mothers, nurses or teachers†. There were numerous of such cases in girls’ education and thus females who went through the education system became mothers, r teachers or nurses. Technically, by not being empowered educationwise, they were barred from the pursuit of most other areas of interest. The effect of this kind of conditioning has not been well documented. However Hamdan (2005) notes that it is not a highly preferred system of education. Negative Perception towards Education Though there is a clear indication that the government is willing to support girls’ education, there are also many indicators that the efforts being put in place are too little to create any difference and may just elicit negative perception towards female education (Budhwar Mellahi, n.d.). It is notable that despite the various pieces of legislatio n that are in place, women are still not entitled to fair and equal treatment just like men. This has been due to attitude of the society AlMunajjed (n.d.) The net effect that this kind of treatment has on girls and women is the creation of a negative perception towards education for females. Lack of Self Confidence Early marriages are still practiced in Saudi Arabia whereby young girls are normally married off to older men. In most cases, women perceive this as an act of degrading their self image and it reduces their self confidence. Early marriages inhibit young girls from pursuing their education further (AlMunajjed, n.d.). The system of educating boys and girls differently also contributes to degrading the self confidence of girls. Numerous complaints have been aired in regard to the resources that are usually allocated for female education (AlMunajjed, n.d.). It has been alleged that resources allocated for girls’ education are less when compared to those of boys. For e xample, evidence has shown that teaching staff posted to the boys’ schools are often of higher qualifications when compared to those in girl schools. This represents outright discrimination and it is a clear indication that females are not as worthy for investing in (Hamdan, 2005). When critically examined, this is a degradation of the female dignity and which in the long run erodes the self confidence of females (Jerichow, 1998). Lack of Role Models in Education Due to the nature of education in Saudi Arabia, it is very hard for a female student to excel in education. Because of this, there are few female leaders in the academic fields. This implies that girls who seek to identify themselves with senior girls as role models in education often do not have one to imitate. This can be quite discouraging especially where role models from other countries can not be admired by the Saudi girls because they do not incur similar challenges as those incurred by female students in Saud i Arabia (AlMunajjed, n.d.). Present Status: Higher Education and Female Students For several years Saudi women have been marginalized since it was there legal guardians, mainly their husbands and fathers who could define the destiny of a Saudi woman. Behind this denial of liberties, there are huge improvements being made in the field of higher education (Hamdan, 2005). There has been growing access for women into higher institutions of learning and particularly universities. This has been recognized as a monumental step that could lay the foundation for the rights of women and their future empowerment especially in accessing employment. It is considered that any effort to liberate and to empower the Saudi woman should be focused in education (Ramady, 2010). There has been a women education in Saudi Arabia since 1960.The efforts of the King Abdullah has further extended the education system for women and his reign has therefore been considered a golden era for women in regards to hi gher education. This King made women’s higher education his top priority in 2005 and ensured that that education of Saudi women continues to be an important objective. The efforts of the King are paying off since the current figure for women in universities account for 58 percent and the rate is expected to rise (Elliott, 2008). Consequently, to ensure that women access higher education from tertiary, Secondary and the university, he has constructed at least 300 colleges for women. These efforts have been recognized by the international community and currently, Saudi Arabia ranks 25th in the world among countries with a high percentage of women from the population in universities. Princess Noura bint Abdulrahman University is the world’s number one women only institution and it accommodates approximately 50,000 female students (World Policy, 2011). Since, Saudi Arabia is a religiously conservative country; the enhancement of women’s access to higher education ha s raised a lot of tension between the government and the Wahhabi religious establishment particularly regarding gender-integrated classes. Despite the expansion of opportunities for higher education for women, they still have to seek legal permission from their fathers or their husbands to participate (Elliott, 2008). Consequently, there are some courses that women are not allowed to undertake like engineering, construction and aviation. Women are only allowed to study law at the undergraduate level but they are not allowed to practice it. There are some cases also where women are not allowed to study, programs like general surgery, orthopedic surgery and pediatrics, as has been witnessed in King Fahd Teaching Hospital in Al-Khobar where female are not admitted to these programs (World Policy, 2011). Females Participation in Distance Education Distance education has been introduced to meet the increased demand for education. The presence of modern advanced systems of telecommunicati on and information technology, and the need to minimize costs in supplying education to a rapidly growing market, has necessitated the move to greater distance education offerings. The decentralization of education so as to reach a critical mass of the population and the need to ensure education for all has been applied in Saudi Arabia. Of particular attention, are program that target women in the population, particularly those groups who have been marginalized in the past (Elliott, 2008). Distance education is gaining prominence in Saudi Arabia. This has been made possible by the large distribution of the student population. Distance education in Saudi Arabia is also applied due to gender segregation in tertiary education where male lecturers are not allowed to teach female students and they can only teach them by use of Closed Circuit Television, one way video and two-way audio broadcast (Elliott, 2008). Distance education allows males to teach females as they do need to be person ally face to face in the act of the teaching. Higher education has been used to enhance women’s access to education and to increase their opportunities. This has been achieved by the use of VSAT broadcasting technology and the internet (Elliott, 2008). In female colleges, for example, which operate under General Presidency for Girls Education, a subsidiary of Ministry of education, has been elevated to Princess Noura University and had its lectures transmitted from Riyadh to all female student institutions in the kingdom. The lectures and tutorials are made available through DVDs and video streaming (Al-Khalifa, 2009). Technology learning on females’ public school Technology-aided learning in Saudi Arabia has been applied as a motivation to utilize computer abilities in various education domains and to promote the activities of the learners (Elliott, 2008). This system has been dubbed as e-learning. In this system, education content is delivered by the use of televisio n, Video tape, CD-ROM and computer-based training. E-Learning in higher education was launched by GOTEVOT, which is the official government authority in charge of technical and vocational training (Al-Khalifa, 2009). The ministry of education recognizes E-learning in learning institutions so as to address the issue the shortage of female lecturers in gender-segregated institutions. Way Forward Distance Education Barriers The barriers facing students pursuing distance education fall in the following categories: lack of feedback, response from teachers, comprehensive training, alienation, isolation and few Saudi women scholars. Distance learning students have a lot of insecurities regarding their learning. This support is usually in terms of expenses they incur in the course of acquiring education. Lack of Feedback or Response from the Teachers Most Female students do not have direct contact with their teachers hence leading to self-evaluation trouble. This may lead to risk of limited academic and social integration into a complete institutional life in future. Isolation and alienation There are students who have a feeling that they are alienated from the system of education. Consequently, distance education will take away the normal social interactions which are associated with traditional and conventional learning environment. Comprehensive Training There may be some cases where majority of the students are well conversant with technological issues like the use of computer and internet. Using of technology has the risk of excluding some students who lack computer skills (Galusha, 2008). In this case, comprehensive training should be encouraged in order to build the learners skills making them to be able to use technology effectively (Mà ¼ller, 2008). Saudi Women Scholars There are very few Saudi women scholars. This has been probably due to the kind of societal conditioning towards women education. As noted above, there are too many factors which inhibit the pursuit of education by Saudi women. There is need to encourage the few Saudi women scholars to speak up. It has been a challenge to get the Saudi women scholars to engage in public forums where they can be reached by those seeking inspiration. There is also need to encourage more women to participate in the job market where they can showcase their talents and abilities. This will enable them to come out clearly and be icons for young Saudi girls who might be eager to pursue education to higher levels (Sidiya, 2010). The launch of inspirational dialogue forums like the one in Jeddah is quite significant. Such inspirational talks will encourage young Saudi girls to go through the education system and come out successfully (Sabbagh, 1996). Further, such inspirational dialogue should be promoting successful women in entrepreneurship, artists and academic scholars. The Jeddah program was an online forum initiated by Unilever as part of its corporate social responsibility so as to create role models for the young Saudi women and to achieve positive contribution from women (Banga, 2011). Conclusion The education of females in Saudi has empowered women in the society and helped to reduce the gender gap which has been the greatest impediment to the education of females. This has prompted the government to reform the education system so as to address the challenges. The development of educational infrastructure such as schools for women and distance education to enable rural women access education opportunities has been put in place. The King has played a significant role in furthering education for women. From 11 colleges in the 1970s, the number of women colleges has drastically increased to 300. There is a continued need, however, for even greater effort to be channeled towards ensuring that the girl child has an equal chance to full education. References Al-Khalifa, H.S. (2009). The State of Distance Education in Saudi. eLearn Magazine. Retrieved from https://elear nmag.acm.org/archive.cfm?aid=1642193 AlMunajjed, M. (n.d.). Women’s Education in Saudi Arabia. Ideation Center. Web. Banga, K. (2011). New initiative aims to inspire women. SME Advisor. Retrieved from https://www.sme10x.com/news/new-initiative-aims-to-inspire-saudi-women Budhwar, P. Mellahi, K. (n.d.). Managing Human Resource in the Middle East. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Elliott, C. (2008). Global empowerment of women: responses to globalization. New York, NY: Rutledge. Farlex, I. (2011). Operandi Conditioning. The Free Dictionary. Retrieved from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Psychological+conditioning Galusha, J.M. (2008). Barriers to Learning in Distance Education. Infrastructure. Web. Hamdan, A. (2005). Women and education in Saudi Arabia: Challenge and Achievements. International Education Journal, 6(1), 42-64. Jerichow, A. (1998). The Saudi file: people, power politics. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall. Merriam Webster dictionary. (2011). Meaning of Education. Merriam Webster Dictionary. Retrieved from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/education Mà ¼ller, T. (2008). Persistence of women in online degree-completion programs. International review of research in open and distance learning, 9(2), 1-18. Ramady, M. (2010). The Saudi Arabian Economy: Policies, Achievement and Challenges. New York, NY: Cengage Learning. Sabbagh, S. (1996). Arab women between defiance and restraint. New Jersey, NJ: Prentice Hall. Sedgwick, R. (2001). Education in Saudi Arabia. World Education and Reviews. Retrieved from https://wenr.wes.org/2001/11/wenr-nov-dec-2001-education-in-saudi-arabia Sidiya, F. (2010). Few Women scholars willing to talk on TV. Arab News. Retrieved from arabnews.com/ Wilson, P. Graham, D. (1994). Saudi Arabia: the coming storm. Pennsylvania, PA: Rutledge. World Policy. (2011). The Path to progress for Saudi Women. World Policy. Retrieved from https://worldpolicy.org/2011/10/18/higher-education-the-path-to-progress-for -saudi-women/

The Electic Kool Aid Acid Test essays

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