Theories of Merger and Takeover Waves

Caused By Fast Growth Erroneous Directives â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Caused By Fast Growth Erroneous Directives? Answer: Introducation Downturn is a piece of what numerous financial specialists will allude to as Business cycle. The extraordinary downturn, for the most part alluding to the US 2008 downturn was brought about by a few factors, all occurrence simultaneously and toward the end causing an extreme decrease in the national economy .Recessions are described by declined swellings and high paces of joblessness. Downturns follows times of high development in economy likewise called the blast Freeman (2013 p. 143) The USA downturn prompted overall money related calamity stunning the certainty of both the shoppers and organizations in an assortment of nations. Thinking about its belongings, it was named as incredible downturn which prompted monetary emergency and spread out at a disturbing rate in each edge of the world. It was viewed as the most pessimistic scenario of the monetary decay as the tremendous despondency US was downturn after World War 11 (Howell and Azizoglu, 2012, p.154). As indicated by numerous business analysts, this extraordinary downturn predominantly came up because of sudden busting of house bubble in US, brought about by quick development of wrong orders of sub - prime home loans. So as to comprehend the extraordinary downturn, this examination has investigated both the outcomes and reasons for this incredible budgetary emergency (Phillips and Nugent, 2014, p.123). Reasons for the incredible downturn During this period the US confronted extreme troubles including banking organizations at the purpose of chapter 11. This monetary crisis was generally misrepresented by the worldwide differences, hazard discernment, paces of interests, and rules of the money related methods. The components which prompted the incredible downturn were summed up as; Breakdown of the Lehman siblings Breakdown of Lehman siblings in 2008 denoted a start of another page in global calamity. There was a battle around the administrations with a point of saving monetary establishments given that the securities exchange and lodging had crumpled. A large number of these establishments kept on confronting extremely grave liquidity issues (Kehoe and Prescott, 2013, p. 177). Subprime contracts burst and lodging bubble. Research unmistakably shows that there were no guidelines of subprime contracts where these home loan enterprises could sell contracts without thinking about whether buyers could take care of. In 2007, the subprime contracts in US were at $1.3 trillion and with a surmised of $ 7.5 million exceptional home loans. This is on the grounds that the home loan was lifted to about 22% of the absolute starts of the home loans through the US top lodging bubble. By far most of subprime contracts were because of gigantic abandonments consequently to a great extent influencing foundations and private home loan dealers who are not under Community Reinvestment Act spread. It hence in a roundabout way influenced a moderate development and began a fall on the buyer consumption and venture Low financing cost The money related specialists of US had balanced the paces important to unprecedented levels prompting an obligation account utilization blast which drove the route in boosting lodging bubble. It is likewise contended that the paces of enthusiasm for US were low for a really long time to that they remained at only 1 percent in the years 2003 and 2004 which achieved the incredible money related emergency. The money related arrangement in US is scrutinized for neglecting to hold the misrepresented resource bubble and simultaneously causing the quick broadening in contracts Bernanke (2014, p. 165). Credit Crunch The high subprime contracts defaults had prompted credit crunch which limited to an unexpected deficiency of cash and consequently coming about to decrease in the accessible advances. Numerous business and venture banks confronted monstrous misfortunes because of the home loan credits. Banks were thusly extremely hesitant to give out advances to individuals and much different banks subsequently prompting an abatement in reserves flowing in currency markets (Kehoe and Prescott, 2013, p. 190). House crash US house markets are significant bases of purchasers spending and the monetary development rate. A few components influenced the house cost to increment quicker than the purchasers gaining, and accordingly it realized exaggerated resources. It was noticed that the house costs were expanded quickly until 2006 and afterward experienced decay after the blast. At the point when the costs went down to manage the uniqueness, it effectsly affected the purchasers use where people couldn't get extra assets for use (Kehoe and Prescott, 2013 p. 187). Spending shortage and National obligation The US unpaid debts situated at 65% of the GDP in the year 2007 thus turning out to be more regrettable when the liabilities from annuity were thought of. At this deficiency, the US organization had little monetary approach extension capacity in light of the fact that the socioeconomics were against the financial dependability subsequently compounding the shortage. This shortage prompted troubles in pulling in the progression of capital as the Asian investors who were aware of this deficiency hindered the progression of funding to America prompting reducing estimation of the dollar Bernanke (2014, p. 135). Depreciation of dollar In light of the monetary hypothesis, a decrease in return rates inevitably helps in expanding the fares and invigorating the development in the fare area. The devaluation in the dollar esteem be that as it may, had prompted cost-push swelling and inevitably prompted decrease in the ways of life where merchandise were profoundly costly thus prompting decrease in people spending power. This dollar decay made US less serious contrasted with its exchanging accomplices (Elsby, Hobijn and Sahin, 2012, p.132). Impacts of incredible downturn Much after the official finish of the incredible downturn, the impacts of this most exceedingly terrible downturn in economy are as yet being felt in US, ordinarily in GDP, paces of joblessness, exchanging accomplices, GFC and total interest as talked about beneath. The monetary exercises are noble by the genuine total national output was contracting strongly until the strategy creators passed the bill on money related adjustment and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Therefore the economy began developing in the year 2009 and has found the middle value of 2.2% yearly development from that point forward (Phillips and Nugent, 2014). Pace of joblessness Ordinarily, the pace of joblessness will increment at whatever point an economy experiences a time of downturn. There is a pinnacle 15 months after the downturn and afterward drops progressively as the economy keeps on topping. Research shows that the all out financial movement shrunk by a 5% during this time of extraordinary wretchedness and joblessness moved from 5 % in 2007 to 10 % in 2009. From that time, there was adjustment in joblessness at around 9%, still a rate which was not good Higgs (2013, p.165). Exchanging accomplices The incredible money related emergency prompted breakdown of worldwide exchange streams. In reality these exchange streams went down 30 percent comparative with the GDP. The US genuine fares and imports which are non-oil fell about by 27 percent. One of the fascinating highlights of this extraordinary downturn is that, it was for the most part a rich-nation undertaking. It may have quickened the since quite a while ago run development of the developing markets, for example, India and Mexico in worldwide and furthermore the US exchange. Be that as it may, a countrys pace of pay development must be a piece of this story. Both Canada and Germany circumvent the US as far as pay during this period and from that second their exchange imparts to the US have decreased (Eichengreen and Temin, 2013, p.150). Business cycle The business cycle alludes to the expansion and diminishing of monetary development happening over some stretch of time. Its a basic device for investigating the economy and creation of money related decisions.it has four stages; development, trough, pinnacle and withdrawal. During development, the GDP which gauges the monetary efficiency is rising. Joblessness arrives at its ordinary pace of 4.5 to 5.0; expansion then again is about the objective of 2% given that the financial exchange remains at positively trending market (Jenkins, Brandolini and Micklewright, 2012, p 69). The subsequent stage is the pinnacle and just alludes to the month when the extension shifts into the third stage. During to this stage (contractionary) of cycle the monetary development experiences a debilitating period coming about to a GDP tumble to even underneath 2 percent. At the point when it goes to negative, its at that point alluded to as downturn. Right now joblessness rates begins to increment and stocks go into a bear advertise. The fourth stage is the trough and it is the point at which the economy month when the economy shifts from withdrawal to development stage Romer (2013 pg. 186).In the instance of incredible downturn for instance; the economy went down suddenly by 2.7 percent in the main quarter of 2008. In the wake of recouping 2% in the second quarter, residents thought the downturn was no more. Be that as it may, it shrunk by another 1.9% in the third quarter a huge fall of 8.2% in the fourth quarter. The monetary framework experienced rave in the first quarter of 2009 subsequent to contracting 5.4%. The pace of joblessness went up from 5.0 to 7.3% among January and December. The trough occurred in the in the second quarter of the year 2009 when the GDP drop 0.5 percent and joblessness expanded to 9.5 percent Ball (2014, p.47). The period of development started in the second from last quarter of the year 2009, GDP rose by 1.3 because of motivating force spending by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Because of the brutal withdrawal stage which had occurred, the joblessness rate kept on intensifying to a degree of even 10 percent in the period of October Romer (2013, p. 176). GFC versus Total interest Total essentially implies absolute. We utilize the term to gauge the consumption by all purchasers, enterprises, government and firms abroad. Total interest (AD) = all out spending on merchandise and ventures Equation for the figuring of total interest is: Promotion = C + I + G + (X-M) The variations in genuine GDP, joblessness and cost increments for the timeframe of the 2007 GFC can be restate

School Essay Topics - What to Include

School Essay Topics - What to IncludeSchool essay topics should be focused and specific to the essay, which is the subject matter. Topics should be clear and based on a particular material. It is imperative that the topic is correctly stated in order to ensure the successful completion of the assignment.There are lots of homework topics for students, which are available in the school library or from other sources online. However, it is quite difficult to be able to choose the right topics for a certain student. The topics should have characteristics which will be different from one student to another and it is difficult to explain this, but the topics should also be very specific.Juliet could be asked about the island of Lanzarote, which was said to be where Romeo and Juliet first met. However, there is an island called Lanzarote, which is in the South Pacific. So, students should really choose their topic based on what they are planning to do after they graduate.A student could ask Juliet what motivated her to take on Romeo in the first place, and how did she feel when she found out that he is the love of her life. However, it is best to relate the questions to specific works of literature that will give students an idea of the actual questions asked. For example, they could ask how Juliet felt when she found out that Romeo is the love of her life.Students should also be aware that the essays for Juliet are going to be longer than those for other students. This is because Juliet is a famous historical figure who has played a great role in history. And when asked the question 'what motivated Juliet to take on Romeo in the first place,' students should ensure that they write in a way that is related to the essay topic. Therefore, they need to ensure that they know how to relate the answers to the essay topics.Most essays for Juliet ask the student to list the characteristics that differentiates her from other historical figures. While this can be a challenging t ask, it is important that students don't get stuck in this task. They need to consider that any topic that requires the reader to list qualities is a difficult one to complete. So, if students find themselves bogged down by writing about other people's qualities, they should just turn to different literature or a different topic altogether.The composition for Juliet essays can be filled with quotes from historical texts. These quotes should be written as a way to highlight certain points in the essay. Furthermore, these quotes can be used to discuss specific topics in the essay. In this way, it is possible to bring in quotations that are connected to the question that the student has written about in the topic.School essay topics are very difficult, so students should ensure that they spend as much time as possible on the topic. The more work that they put into it, the more likely they are to be able to do a better job on the essay. After all, it is the student's own expression, and it is their piece of paper.

What Links Disciplines Of Literature, Philosophy And...

What links the disciplines of literature, philosophy and mathematics? The answer is, quite simply, fiction. Fiction has probably existed since the human brain was capable of imagination, either for distraction or for the more functional purpose of envisioning hunt scenarios when our nomadic ancestors would need to survive. Fiction can be defined as a literary tool that fools readers or theatre goers into thinking that the author possesses certain knowledge about the world (Plato et al., 1963) but is usually understood as a world or scenario that is created by human imagination. However, that doesn t necessarily make it untrue, as fiction can be based on reality and can become a useful mechanism to convey important messages and help shape†¦show more content†¦Numbers and equations simply to not concretely exist in our world. Maths is, after all, like any written language, glorified scribbling that somehow resonates with meaning in our minds. Take as an example 4 = 2 + 2 . Th is string of symbols translates itself into what we understand is an equation: the two sides of the = sign are the same. However, neither 4 not 2 + 2 exist. They are not visually identical. Yet somehow we accept that connecting them with the = symbol indicates that their numerical value is equivalent. Like fiction, maths merely requires us to suspend our disbelief long enough for us to understand whatever story or message the author is trying to impart. This philosophical position is called Mathematical Fictionalism. Its proponents believe that mathematics are purely fictional but are still functional as long as its purpose is not meant to be a mirror of reality (Leng, 2016). However, this position calls into question the validity of mathematics. Fiction, if assumed completely truthful, becomes a lie. So if mathematics are purely a human made language created to describe phenomena that cannot be described in another language, how can we ascertain its precision and how much power should we give it in a discussion? Mathematical entities do not exist concretely, yet we give them characteristics and magnitudes that allow them to be ranked, ordered and even to interact amongst

Argumentative Essay On Gun Violence - 751 Words

There are 30,000 gun related deaths per year by firearms, and this number is not disputed. U.S. population 324,059,091 as of Wednesday, June 22, 2016. Do the math: 0.000000925% of the population dies from gun related actions each year. Statistically speaking, this is insignificant! What is never told, however, is a breakdown of those 30,000 deaths, to put them in perspective as compared to other causes of death: †¢ 65% of those deaths are by suicide which would never be prevented by gun laws †¢ 15% are by law enforcement in the line of duty and justified †¢ 17% are through criminal activity, gang and drug related or mentally ill persons – gun violence †¢ 3% are accidental discharge deaths So technically, gun violence is not 30,000†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ 40,000+ die from a drug overdose–THERE IS NO EXCUSE FOR THAT! †¢ 36,000 people die per year from the flu, far exceeding the criminal gun deaths †¢ 34,000 people die per year in traffic fatalities(exceeding gun deaths even if you include suicide) Now it gets good: †¢ 200,000+ people die each year (and growing) from preventable medical errors. You are safer in Chicago than when you are in a hospital! †¢ 710,000 people die per year from heart disease. It’s time to stop the double cheeseburgers! So what is the point? If Obama and the anti-gun movement focused their attention on heart disease, even a 10% decrease in cardiac deaths would save twice the number of lives annually of all gun-related deaths (including suicide, law enforcement, etc.). A 10% reduction in medical errors would be 66% of the total gun deaths or 4 times the number of criminal homicides......Simple, easily preventable 10% reductions! So you have to ask yourself, in the grand scheme of things, why the focus on guns? Its pretty simple.: Taking away guns gives control to governments. The founders of this nation knew that regardless of the form of government, those in power may become corrupt and seek to rule as the British did by trying to disarm the populace of the colonies. It is not difficult to understand that a disarmed populace is a controlled populace. Thus, the second amendment was proudly and boldly included in the U.S. Constitution. It must be preserved atShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay On Gun Violence759 Words   |  4 Pages Upon reading the article, â€Å"What If We Treated Gun Violence Like A Public Health Crisis?† and watching the news every now and then, there are many major tragedies surrounding around us. It is absolutely scary, and only seems to be getting worse. The article starts off with the statement that, â€Å"More than 30,000 people a year are killed by gun violence,† making it clear just how serious the situation pertaining gun violence is (Kodjak, 2017, p. 1). Yet, this statistic does not even take into considerationRead MoreArgumentative Essay the Right to Bear Arms1159 Words   |  5 PagesUNIVERSIDAD DEL TURABO NAGUABO, PUERTO RICO ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY FINAL HOMEWORK LURDES M. PEREZ S00604108 PROF. RAMOS/ENGLISH 153 Right To Bear Arms Imagine waking up in the middle of the night to a complete stranger who is in your house, threatening to harm you, and your family, and you cannot do anything about it. Imagine, not being able to go target shooting or hunting, because there are laws passed to prevent you from owning a firearm. The truth is, more and more people inRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Gun Control Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pages Argumentative Essay: Gun Control in America â€Å"The second amendment of The United States Bill of Rights is my concealed weapons permit, period.†- Ted Nugent. Saving lives one by one starts with limiting the purchase, sale, and use of guns in America. According to Alexander Lee, the political and social debate over the question of how much gun control is appropriate and it has been regularly discussed within the last decade. Shootings such as Sandy Hook, and Tucson shootings have raised the government’sRead MoreArgumentative Essay Gun Control1410 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ English 101 Argumentative/Persuasive Essay 4/12/2013 Word Count 1,255 Readability 12.3 There are new proposed gun control laws in the aftermath of the massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newton, Connecticut that occurred on December 14th, 2012. This incident claimed the lives of twenty 1st graders and six adults and has set the government in motion to try to prevent future acts of violence by strengthening gun control laws in the United StatesRead MorePeople With Mental Illnesses Should Not Have / Own Guns1241 Words   |  5 Pageshave/own guns Connor Nelson Period 2/3 5/7/15 Argumentative Essay People with mental illnesses are referred to a wide range of mental health conditions disorders that affect your mood, thinking, and behavior. Examples like Autism, Anxiety Issues, and many more that affect them. It is so easy for anyone to get guns. About over 300 million have been made and sold to people in 2012, so there is a large supply of them. (My Turn: Should People with Mental Illnesses Own Guns?†, 2015).Read MoreArming Teachers For Schools Are Being Targeted By Those With An Intent1007 Words   |  5 PagesCooper O’Connor Mrs. Forster Argumentative Essay 22 November, 2015 Arming Teachers Schools are being targeted by those with an intent to kill. A school should be a place that parents and the community feel is safe for kids. It is turning into the opposite, gunman are targeting schools because they are easy to attack and have a large amount of people. The best way to prevent attacks on schools is to scare the attackers away before they ever even show up. To scare away the attackers schools need toRead MoreGun Control And The Second Amendment1846 Words   |  8 Pages Final essay The research that I conducted this semester focused on the Second Amendment and whether or not it should eliminate. Essay one, The Rights to Bear Arms explains citizens have the right to rebel against a tyrannical government by using guns for self-defense, and the gun owner shouldn t deprive of something they love because other people abuse it. Essay two â€Å"Gun control† argue that the Second Amendment should eliminate because it increased the potential for crimes and the numberRead MoreContemporary Moral Issue Essay2709 Words   |  11 Pages philosophical essays, and book excerpts, all of which will be posted on Blackboard (http://blackboard.wm.edu). Goals of the Course: By taking Contemporary Moral Issues, students will: learn how to read difficult philosophical texts and gain an understanding and appreciation of important arguments in the field; learn how to express their thoughts in writing clearly and concisely (students will have the opportunity to attain this goal through response papers, quizzes and essays); learn how toRead MoreArgumentative Essay : The Shooting Of African American Teenager 1386 Words   |  6 PagesOakley 1 Jackson Oakley Mrs. Schmitz Honors English III 30 March 2015 Argumentative Essay: Darren Wilson is not Racist The shooting of African American teenager Michael Brown by white officer Darren Wilson has been a hot topic of debate. Those in support of Michael Brown believe that Darren Wilson racially profiled Brown and that the shooting would have never occurred had Brown been white. Those in support of Darren Wilson state that he acted in self-defense. This argument has more evidence supportingRead MoreLiterary Analysis : Kindred By Octavia Butler1299 Words   |  6 PagesKindred Argumentative Essay â€Å"It is the law of love that rules mankind. Had violence, hate ruled us we should have become extinct long ago. And yet the tragedy of it is that so-called civilized man and nations conduct themselves as if the basis of society was violence,†(Gandhi). In this quote Gandhi says the main reasons of love and hate are mankind. As well that both control and destroy a human. However, in the end the human chooses the one they will follow. In the outstanding novel Kindred by

Marketing of New Product for OXFAM SHOP

Question: Discuss about the Marketing of New Product for OXFAM SHOP. Answer: Introduction It has become crucial for the different types of the marketers to understand the needs of the customers and deliver products as per their satisfaction. The use of the marketing mix has evolved as the vital tool which evaluates the probable growth of the concerned firm. The paper will reflect the launching of the new product that is leather jacket for the OXFAM shop (Oxfamshop.org.au, 2016). There are different methods for promoting the products throughout the Auzastrlian market segments. The most effective method will be to sell the products online and advertise with the help the effective techniques of social media. It is vital for the different companies to offer innovative products as to influence the decision-making capacity of the consumers. The changing trends throughout the market segments have made it very imperative for the different organizations to offer products with a high quality of materials and this should be as per the satisfactory demands of the consumers'. Moreover , it is imperative for the concerned OXFAM Shop to use the concepts of segmentation, targeting and the effective positioning as to expand the sales revenue. Moreover, the social media will play an effective role in advertising of the products towards a large number of the clients throughout the different parts of the world. Description of the company OXFAM Shop is known to be the subsidiary of OXFAM Australia and it is a non-profit firm which executes its business and the work process throughout the different marketer segments of the world including Australia. The company operates within the fair trading label (FLO) and is recognized throughout the different parts of the globe (Oxfamshop.org.au, 2016). There are foods as well as the handicrafts and are sourced to the OXFAM website by the different individual workers, fair trading firms and the craft bodies. The vision of the firm is that the poverty is merely unjustifiable and the desired state of inequality along with injustice needs to be challenged. The company wants to make the world free from poverty and this can be done by delivering good quality of the products at reasonable press which is beneficial to the customers. The use of the fair trading policies increases the reliability as well as the satisfaction of the different clients purchasing products from OXFAM Shop. Objectives/Goals There are certain goals of the firm, which are listed below: To bring out positive change within the life of the poor people To make the world free from poverty To enhance the practice of the fair trading policies To deliver high quality of the products to customers To deliver satisfactory products and services to the customers Situation analysis The use of the situational analysis helps to evaluate the desired requirements and the needs of the customers within the concerned market segments (Anderson, 2015). This includes the different environmental factors such as the micro-environmental factors and the macro-environmental factors. PEST analysis as well as the use of the SWOT analysis Wilhelm in understanding the different marketing factors required for the expansion of the concerned firm. Macro-environmental analysis Political There are different types of the political factors throughout the different countries which creates a crucial impact on the execution of the business procedure of many the firms concerned. The national minimum wages act of 1988 generates a desired and immense impact on the execution of the diverse business procedures (Beran, 2013). The fair trading act was very important as per the rules and regulations of the firm. Economic The OXFAM shop purchases the products from the different sellers at the best and low prices and sells those to Australian people so that the poor people could lead a better life. The fair trade policy of OXFAM was helpful in enhancing the economic growth of the firm. There were certain challenges as well as tensions as it was one of the non-profit organizations. Social The primary motive of the organization was to enhance the desired standard of life for the common and the poor people who were leading a miserable life and could not afford the things as per their desired needs (Bhattacharyya, 2014). The firm was working for the welfare and the desired growth of the people in order to remove the name of poverty from their lives. Technological Use of the latest tools as well as the creative technologies is vital as it brings out the newness within the products and the services offered by the firm. For improving the quality of the products offered by the different suppliers it was vital to use latest innovative technologies for increasing the reliability and the smoothness of the products. Micro-environmental analysis These factors mainly comprise of the competitors, customers, the employees associated with the firm and the shareholders of the organization. The customers, as well as the employees, plays the crucial role in enhancing the total performance of the firm (CONTRIBUTORS, 2013). The complete analysis of the micro-environmental factors will help in evaluating the significant growth of the desired firm. Strengths The use of the fair trading policies was one of the major strengths of the firm. Moreover, the firm was offering the high quality of the goods in order to maintain the desired health and well-being of the different consumers associated with the firm. Weaknesses Less recognition of the entire firm throughout the online media was one of the factor weaknesses for the OXFAM shop. The employees were not getting the desired amount of salaries as it was a non-profit firm. Opportunities The use of the social media for the targeting of a large number of the desired clients was a great opportunity for the concerned firm (Ghaoui et al., 2013). The changing trends throughout the market segments have provided the desired awareness among the people regarding the welfare of the poor people or those suffering from poverty. Threats The collection of the desired funds for the firm is one of the crucial challenges as it is a non-profit organization. Fulfilling the desired requirements of the employees along with the customers is another critical challenge for the organization. Internal analysis Internal analysis of the OXFAM shop helps in analyzing the desired execution and the monitoring of all the activities within the concerned firm. The OXFAM shop is one of the multi-channel retail businesses executing its business procedures with the help of the e-commerce websites, the programs of direct mail and the different types of the retail outlets. There is a crucial requirement for the employees to understand the desired requirements of the business procedure and executes their role in order to provide complete satisfaction to the customers (Gregory, 2013). The value chain investigations include the diverse activities like the operations of the inbound logistics, outbound logistics, and promotion along with the sale including the preferred purchaser service (Hooper, 2013). The identification of the issues within the concerned workplace of the firm will help the formulation of the effective strategies as to facilitate the expansion of the concerned shop. Marketing mix Product The offering of the "leather jackets" to the concerned consumers will be helping to provide the best quality of cloths as to enhance the desired living standards. The jackets will improve the overall experience of the clients and will increase the selling of the products (Liu, 2009). The most crucial for any of the respective firm is to enhance the quality of the preferred goods as to retain the customers towards the firm. Price It is one of another crucial point which helps in attracting the clients towards the concerned firm. The OXFAM shop needs to offer affordable prices in order to increase the selling of the leather jackets. There are different firms which use differentiation pricing strategies as to increase the rate of selling of the particular products offered by the firm (Palumbo, Lauro, and Greenacre, 2010). Place The company is using the online platform to sell all its products and throughout the different segments of the concerned marketplace. Online selling of the products has significantly increased. Selections of the places are very significant for particular affirm as it helps in increasing the reliability of the concerned clients and provides a smooth experience to them. Use of the social media will increase the desire sales revenue for the OXFAM shop (Shim et al., 2012). Promotion There are different techniques used by many of the renowned companies to promote as well as advertise their products. Some of the promotional tools are like the use of the brochures, use of the internet technology especially the social media and the use of the televisions and radio. The distribution of the leaflets throughout the different market segments will enhance the selling of the leather jackets (Won-Sook Lee, 2011). The number of the social media users has increased significantly to large numbers and in order to promote the products successfully to a large percentage of the clients. People People are the emloployees, the individuals associated with the firm and the shareholders of the concerned organization. These plays the vital responsibilities increasing the selling percentage of the desired products of the OXFAM shop (Yoo and Perzanowski, 2014). The people of the OXFAM shop use their desired potential skills and the ability of the respective employees in providing reliable services to the customers of the firm. Process Use of the innovative process for the manufacturing and promotion of the leather jackets will provide the desired platform to OXFAM shop to increase the quality of the products. Monitoring the desired quality of the leather jackets is vital for increasing the sales of the goods. Use of the latest technologies and the latest machinery will improve the quality of the jackets and will attract a large percentage of the consumers. Physical evidence The physical evidence is the documents for the promotion or the selling of the products within the targeted and the concerned market segments (Yoo and Perzanowski, 2014). Distributions of the different brochures are the desired evidence' for the firm which reflects the execution of the business procedure for the organization. Prediction of potential problems In every firm, there are certain issues related to the development of the products and its marketing. Collecting of the desired funds might be the critical problems for the firm. Ability, as well as the capability of the different employees, is important as it helps in satisfying the customers with the required solutions. There is positive pressure to the company from the contestant. Be short of the employee inspiration, and the helper creates a decisive risk to the firm. Conclusion OXFAM Shop is known to be the subsidiary of OXFAM Australia and it is a non-profit firm which executes its business and the work process throughout the different marketer segments of the world including Australia. The company wants to make the world free from poverty and this can be done by delivering good quality of the products at reasonable press which is beneficial to the customers. The jackets will improve the overall experience of the clients and will increase the selling of the products. The OXFAM shop needs to offer affordable prices in order to increase the selling of the leather jackets. The company is using the online platform to sell all its products and throughout the different segments of the concerned marketplace. Online selling of the products has significantly increased. Some of the promotional tools are like the use of the brochures, use of the internet technology especially the social media and the use of the televisions and radio. The number of the social media us ers has increased significantly to large numbers and in order to promote the products successfully to the large percentage of the clients. References Al-Hakim, L. and Memmola, M. (2009).Business web strategy. Hershey: Information Science Reference. Anderson, S. (2015). Latest SPIE industry analysis quantifies biophotonics-enabled sector.SPIE Professional. Beran, R. (2013). Analysis of the latest Austroads guidelines for fitness to drive as promulgated in March 2012.Intern Med J, 43(8), pp.849-853. Bhattacharyya, S. (2014). Structural and macroeconomic changes in India and the implications for the residential energy demand.WIREs Energy Environ, 3(6), pp.535-539. CONTRIBUTORS. (2013).Business Strategy Review, 24(4), pp.83-83. Ghaoui, R., Clarke, N., Hollingworth, P. and Needham, M. (2013). Muscle disorders: the latest investigations.Intern Med J, 43(9), pp.970-978. Gregory, A. (2013). GOLDEN LESSONS.Business Strategy Review, 24(4), pp.76-81. Hooper, W. (2013). INSIDE CHANGE.Business Strategy Review, 24(4), pp.46-49. Lee, G. (2010).Business process management of Japanese and Korean companies. New Jersey: World Scientific. Liu, L. (2009).Emerging nanotechnology power. New Jersey: World Scientific. Moeller, R. (2013).Executive's guide to COSO internal controls. Hoboken: John Wiley. Oxfamshop.org.au. (2016).About Oxfam | Charity Gifts. [online] Available at: https://www.oxfamshop.org.au/aboutus [Accessed 15 May 2016]. Palumbo, F., Lauro, C. and Greenacre, M. (2010).Data analysis and classification. Berlin: Springer. Shim, J., Siegel, J., Shim, A. and Shim, J. (2012).CFO fundamentals. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Won-Sook Lee, (2011). A Study for Macro-Environment of Japanese School Libraries.journalofkoreanlibraryandinformationsciencesociety, 42(4), pp.111-136. Yoo, Y. and Perzanowski, M. (2014). Allergic Sensitization and the Environment: Latest Update.Curr Allergy Asthma Rep, 14(10).

The Rise and Fall of the Islamic Spain

Introduction Re-enacted in a 2007 movie, Cities of Light: The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain, the documentary explains how the Islamic Spain has a rich history while focusing on its impact on the world civilisation (The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Full documentary PBS). Since the antiquity, religion was an element of information transmission and conviction of masses.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Rise and Fall of the Islamic Spain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The religion that commanded the greatest population became the greatest source of influence (Wasserstein 47). Referred to as the Dark Ages, Spain underwent a visible transformation after Muslims, Christians, and Jews clashed. This paper intends to explain the rise and fall of the Islamic Spain with a particular emphasis on the importance of Spain to the world civilisation. Other religions were equally very important to Spain, but Islam was a so urce of artistic integration, economic stability, and political prowess in the country. These religions had a direct impact on the rise and fall of the Islamic religion in Spain, and it would be impossible to create a comparison without proper representation of Christianity and Judaism. Islamic civilisation Rise of the Islamic religion in Spain By 600 BCE, Islam was already a powerful religion in Europe and particularly Spain. Spain was the home of European Renaissance even before Muslims dominated the country. During this period, Spain had control of Iberia and Caucasus, which are presently in Russia. Catholicism enabled artists and philosophers to explore science, art, medicine, and technology among several other factors. Philosophers such as Aristotle have a background in Spain during the Islamic era (Lapidus 92). In 734 BCE, most parts of Europe began recognising the significance of the Islam religion to the people of Spain. This included the invention of the lemon tree and the water wheel among others. In Spain, there was an opportunity for religion to grow and to help people embrace new lifestyles. Muslims co-existed peacefully with other religions especially Christians and Jews. This contradicted other areas of Europe in which power strife controlled the religions that people appreciated. This applied to the Iberian Peninsula that had a problem with the Jews. In addition, there was a problem in Russia because the Muslims in the region could not entertain the growing number of Christians who did not have to pay taxes to sustain their religions (The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Full documentary PBS). Power struggles amongst different religions across Europe led to the downfall of some of the most powerful groups. This explains the fall of the Umayyad kingdom after 700 AD in Europe.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Islamic Spain strategy Sustainabilit y is the most difficult tool of management to maintain. In Spain, Muslims marinated excellent relations with other religions in order to avoid conflicts. During this period, power coupled with ignorance only saw many countries fight to be the best. Most parts of Europe rarely concentrated on the significance of peace as an element of development in the society. Instead, they believed that power and influence only came when people fought for the various spaces they ardently wanted. According to the Muslims, the only strategy to success in an environment of diversity is to work together and share ideas. This led to the conviction of many Spaniards converting mostly of them into Muslims. Different religions shared resources and ideas enabling the country to thrive and succeed in Europe. Spain became an example to many people before the religious wars began. Though the groups existed as religious extremists, they had a common idea of developing the country and transforming Spain into an enviable country in Europe. However, when religious differences ensued, it was important for only one religion to prove powerful in Spain. Around 1000 AD, there was a significant difference in opinions between the Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the previously peaceful Spain. By 1207 AD, violence ensued in the country causing a major collapse of the Islamic Spain. Politics and the Islamic Spain Religion, politics, and economics formed the pillars for Islamic Spain. When the ruling power polity supports a particular religion, there is a high possibility that the religion would have the greatest influence on the people. In addition, the powerful religion becomes the greatest challenger of the government when it fails to achieve its obligation to the society. This explains the position held by the Muslim religion in Spain. Through influence, the religion exercised authority over the land ensuring that the government achieved its obligations to the people of Spain. Islam helped in rei nforcing ethical responsibility in the people it represented. Between 660 AD and 950 AD, Islam became a source of solace for many Spaniards. During the same period, any information from Muhammad the prophet controlled the governance structures. By the 10th century, all governance structures had the presence of Muslim leadership. For instance, Abdul-Rahman, the leader of Al-Andalus had to ensure that Muslims and other religions co-existed peacefully for the overall development of the country.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Rise and Fall of the Islamic Spain specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, politics formed an important basis for building a strong Islamic front in Spain. Respect to ethics also helped in increasing the goodwill of the population towards the Islamic Spain. Muslim movements also collected taxes to fulfil their strategic plans. This did not happen among the Christians ensuring that a sec tion of the population converted to Christianity. This was the greatest source of animosity between Muslims and Christians. However, poor Muslims did not pay taxes even though they had food, a place to sleep, and clothes to adorn. This was very significant in making the Muslim religion attractive to many Spaniards. Acquisition Acquisition was an important element of expanding the Islamic Spain. It gave the union power to dominate over Spain and other parts of Europe and this created animosity between the movement and Europeans. Europeans wanted the slightest opportunity to protect their Holy lands and to invade the Muslim dominated grounds especially Al-Andalus. Islamic Spain acquired the Martials from North Africa making it easy to introduce the religion in the acquired regions. Around the 11th century, Islamic Spain acquired most parts of the West. The country achieved this through unity and continued persistence (The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Full documentary PBS). The Iberi an Peninsula displayed high reception levels to the Spanish civilisation making it the most effective place for the Islamic Spain to acquire that part of Europe. As this happened, the relationship between the Christian and Muslim religious sects became soar. Al-Andalus was no longer a place for refuge because Islamic Spain had limited power to protect its followers (Wasserstein 38). Besides attacks internally, the Islamic Spain faced opposition from other parts of Europe. European countries joined forces to fight the Islamic Spain, and the invaded armies from North America participated in the war (Ahlstrom 20). Acquisition remains a strategy of attaining dominance for most organisations today. As such, the Islamic Spain was the initiator of civilisation because the things that people learned during the period still apply in capitalistic economies. Acquisition enabled the Islamic Spain to gain the confidence of the people and to remain stable over centuries.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is evidence that knowledge and unity were the forces that helped the union to earn public goodwill because without the same, it would be overly impossible to acquire another land and expand territories. Spaniards and Islam There are very many reasons why countries opt to adapt a uniform religion that all people should follow. For over 800 years, the Spanish accepted Muslims because of the ability of the religion to promote development within the country and promotion of peaceful co-existence. The factors discussed below contributed towards Muslim’s influence in Spain. Innovation Muslims promoted creativity in Spain and this was very important for the civilisation. Before religious tension ensued in the Iberian Peninsula, Spain was the centre of attraction for the people of Europe because the country developed various innovative products. The water wheel among other innovations was significant throughout civilisation and other European countries began aping the trend. Ev en with the slight religious clashes, the Muslims still supported innovation. For some unknown reason, there was competition between the Muslims, Jews, and Christians and this promoted the development of industrial products during the period. The 10th century Spain required a religion that would protect the land jealously from external forces that would seek to divide the caliphate (The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Full documentary PBS). Around the same period, the fast growing Umayyad kingdom in Syria sought to extend to Spain, Poland, and Russia among other parts of Europe. It was impossible for the dynasty to invade Spain, and control it because the Islamic Spain was equally prominent and there was no need for the Umayyad kingdom to invade a territory that was dominantly Islam. Religion promoted art, business, technology, science, and philosophy among other elements of creativity. It was difficult to notice that Muslims provided the calm innovative environment in order to be co mpletely in control of the country. For about 8 centuries people lived under the rule of Muslim leaders. As such, all systems had to follow the law set by Muslim rulers. Spain being the European hub for innovation could not afford to have any wars because this would reduce the influence it commanded in Europe. During this very period, the Pope equally submitted to the Muslim leadership even though he led the Catholic Church separately. Evidently, the Pope tried to intervene when the Umayyad caliphate and the Muslims in Spain began scrambling for space and recognition in the country. This affected innovation because there was limited time for thinking and production because the country concentrated on the war at hand. In the end, the fall of the Islamic Spain acted as assign of the Civil War that occurred in Spain between 1936 and 1939. Unity Peaceful coexistence and unity are principal factors of developing a dynasty that would have a long-term effect on people. This applied to the situation in Spain during the Islamic rule. Jews, Christians, and Muslims lived together and supported each other especially on matters of national importance. Spain had a popular culture making it difficult to realise that the country consisted of people from diverse socio-cultural backgrounds. Peace and unity promoted economic growth in the country and this helped in making Spain famous. There was completely nothing wrong with the Muslim rule until the different religious sects began fighting for fame and prowess. There was no need to oppose a government that helped Spain identify with the international community through art, poetry, science, engineering, and several aspects of the great civilisation. Disunity would definitely not allow the country to achieve its objectives, and this explains why the Spaniards supported the Islamic rule for 800 years (Collomb 100). Spaniards did not begin the religious wars. Instead, the wars began between Muslims from Syria and Spanish Muslims. T he Spaniards sought to protect their territory from external invasion and this affected the stability in the country. In almost all probability, without the religious wars, Islamic Spain would still exist in Europe. The people of Spain did not have any issue with the leadership of the Islamic rulers and this explains the over 700 years of their religion’s leadership in a country initially dominated by Catholics. Muslims promoted brotherhood and unity, which were the building pillars of success in Spain. Unity lacked in other parts of Europe and this threatened the very existence of the Jews in Russia and Christians in Syria. Issues of religious extremism never existed because the Jews and the Christians provided an excellent environment for Muslim leadership. Through unity, the country was able to experience peace, economic growth, and stability, which were very important to Spaniards. Independence Religious extremists mostly in Islam exist because the involved parties overly exaggerate the functions of Jihad. During the middle Ages, religious freedom prevailed and this enabled different religious to operate at the same level. While the same happened, the ruling religion had to command respect from the rest of the population. There was no need to fight for power, unlike the extremist groups from different religions in the current societies that overly fight for recognition. The Islamic government created religious autonomy for Spaniards and the fact that each person was free to worship in a religion in which he or she was comfortable reduced the possibility of the occurrence of religious wars. Muslim leaders of the 10th to 18th century in Spain used intellect to rule the land. Religion is a strong force of rebellion, but empowering each religion reduces the possibility of such occurrence. In essence, the Muslims never exercised control over other people and Christians could worship in churches while Jews could use temples freely. By empowering different religions, the Spaniards felt safe under the rule of Muslims and they had no reason to overturn a stable government. Muslims never used totalitarianism to rule Spain, but the rulers focused on dialogue as an important aspect of attaining public goodwill. Islamic rulers understood that they were dealing with enlightened people in Spain and exercising authority on them would trigger a revolt. This happened when the Pope tried to eradicate Muslims from Spain even though he was initially comfortable with the rule. It was evident that the Umayyad dynasty would take control of the land if the Islamic Spain failed to defend the land from externalities. Most critics considered the Pope as a selfish church leader who took the opportunity to rule the country after the Muslim-to-Muslim war ensued in the country. When unity and religious autonomy failed in the country, it was impossible for the country to remain relevant in Europe even in the face of inventing the hydraulic technology. Failure of the Islamic period Power strife Initially, the Muslims co-existed peacefully with other religions and it was impossible to predict the occurrence of violence in the country. Power struggles became evident around the 11th century in which the Al-Andalus dynasty because the community realised that the Pope strived to bring down the Muslim rule by dissuading people from following the Islamic movement. In 1207, the Pope organised a crusade to the dynasty for people to rebel against the kingdom. It was not easy for the Muslims to relent and they had to organise armies to defend Spain against Christian invasion. On the other hand, Christians wanted to command Spain as they did during the Greco-Roman revolution. Leaving the Muslims to command the land would definitely make it difficult for people to remember that Christians equally were a strong force in Spain. In 1236, Muslims retaliated in Cordoba considering the fact that Christians pitched tent in the area initially dominated by Mu slims (The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Full documentary PBS). During this period, Christians used subtle strategies to lure Muslims. Muslims had to pay taxes in order to provide meals and accommodation for the poor in the society. In addition, Christians also transformed mosques into churches and this did not offer an alternative to worshipers because they atomically had to convert to Christianity. By the 14th century, only Granada Muslim Empire remained untouched by the growing Christian movement. Only the most prominent religion could survive the violence and this gave rise to Catholicism’s fame while Muslims had to deal with the loss. This was one of the major causes of the fall of the Islamic Spain. Destroying Granada The Granada kingdom was the only hope for Muslims in the 14th century until a century later when Christians equally reached to the mountains to access the dynasty. One of the things that weakened the Muslim kingdom was an initial power struggle between th e Umayyad caliphate in Syria and the Islamic Spain. This caused the Christians to understand the weaknesses of the kingdom and around the 15th century, Christians moved towards the Granada Mountains to attack the kingdom. During their first visit to the kingdom, they never launched an attack, but instead created friendly relations with the Muslims. It was almost impossible to understand the motives of the Christians because initially they caused destruction in kingdoms represented by Muslims in Spain. The Pope ordered an invasion of the land beginning with Christians and Jews and this raised confusions among the Muslim population. This deterred them from launching retaliatory attacks considering the attacks only affected the Christian and Jewish populations. The Pope received mixed reactions from the population even though Christianity began gaining prominence in the land over a short period. To some people, religion became a force that controlled the lives of people preventing them from exercising autonomy even in terms of the most basic things such as fashion (The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Full documentary PBS). As such, a section of the population participated in eradication of the Muslim religion because they had business interests. Things got worse around 1500 when the Christians used force to convert Muslims. The main intention was to get the greatest support from the population in overtaking the land and ruling Spain as they did before the Islamic Spain came into power. Transforming Granada was the ultimate objective of Christians because it would garner the greatest support for the Christians. Responsibility versus authority When the society entrusted power with the Islamic movement around the 8 century, they had to delegate authority in order to avoid power strife. Though Muslims provided autonomy for other religions, they controlled the entire country making it difficult for non-Muslims to succeed in the era of civilisation. Ability to exercise responsibility does not amount to authority. Muslim leadership exercised authority since it became the only avenue that innovators could display their engineering, philosophical, and artistic ideas. For some reason, Islamic Spain controlled the population by ensuring that the leaders used subtle communication strategies to attract the greatest number of people. When the rest of the population understood that power was very significant for them, Islamic Spain was in the verge of collapse (Abadi 111). The Muslims did not get requisite support from the population they initially controlled because they used authority to govern the land. In the face of such calamities, the support of the target population is usually very important because they help in protecting the land against enemies. When the Umayyad kingdom displayed interest in Spain, Christians did not intervene because they equally wanted a taste of power and Muslims fighting against Muslims was an excellent remedy during the per iod. After the fall of the dynasty, Christians had to understand the difference between authority and responsibility or else they would also lose their position to the Jews or other religions (The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Full documentary PBS). However, the Christians commanded a huge army making it difficult for Muslims to defeat the Jews and the Non-Muslims in the 15th century. Bureaucracy In a movie re-enacting the events that culminated in the 800 years of Islamic Spain, there is evidence that the Muslim leaders used bureaucracy to control the land. Bureaucratic principles might last through generations but at some point, the population gets tired of the same and they support democracy. Leading a country for over 7 centuries is not easy and it takes an overly aggressive government to achieve the same. Evidently, the Jews and the Christians came first to the Iberian Peninsula even though Muslims later came to control the land. It takes bureaucracy too be able to convince a section people to convert to a certain religion. In bureaucracy, the greatest principle is the ability to persuade people that the ideologies of the bureaucratic individual are the best in comparison to others within the socio-political environment. Bureaucracy leads to failure because after periods of governance, the rulers are likely to lose their political influence because the population equally becomes enlightened. According to the movie, the Muslims were the elites of the pre-civilised Spain. However, they promoted civilisation through different quotas enabling many countries in Europe to take interest in the country (The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Full documentary PBS). Through faith, they converted the Jews and the Christians to Christianity, but this did not last to eternity. Similarly, the Muslim rule could not survive the 8th century because of the overly enlightened Spanish population. The fall of Islamic Spain began when the enlightened society realised that they wo uld remain productive even in the absence of the Muslims. Foreign relations and civilisation Islamic Spain contributed towards the world civilisation in many ways. Besides invention, the Spaniards were excellent innovators who improved initially developed products in Europe. Through science, politics, and engineering, the Spaniards became a source of inspiration to the rest of the world. Foreign relations Since antiquity, the years of the Greco-Roman revolution, the years of Christopher Columbus, and the Age of Renaissance, Spain is very significant in history. European countries wanted to learn from the Spaniards and they had to maintain quality relations with the country. Through cultural integration, Islamic Spain managed to influence many Europeans into adapting Muslim strategies of doing things. Islam in Spain created room for religious diversity enabling other religions to participate in the civilisation process and to improve the situation in the country. Philosophy promoted by Aristotle attracted the attention of European countries and the rest of the world. Evidently, the philosophers still have an impact on current populations and people take interest in countries such as Spain as promoters of civilisation during and after the antiquity (The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Full documentary PBS). Foreign relations between Spain, Poland, and Russia among other countries in Europe were excellent. The only animosity that existed was between Syria and Spain because of the powerful Muslim dynasties during the period. Through foreign relations, Spain acquired raw materials including natural resources from Russia. In return, Russia acquired its finished products to help in industrialisation of the country. The fact that the Jews co-existed peacefully with the Muslims and Christians made the country admirable to foreigners within Europe. As such, many people immigrated to Spain and converted to Islam because they wanted to be part of a religion that promoted g rowth and civilisation. By the 10th century, Europeans related to the Mosques, the Hebrew pinnacle, and Churches in Spain. Besides religion, Spain maintained excellent relations with neighbouring countries by promoting its literature. Today, many people still refer to Spanish literature, creative poetry, and books. In reference to the movie, Muslims created room for pluralism for other factions of the Spanish community. Throughout the Islamic Spain era, there was a significant growth in the economy following the recognition of prominent personalities in art, science, philosophy, engineering and other areas of the economy. After the introduction of the hydraulic technology, other European countries especially Bosnia, Poland, and Russia began using the technology for mining purposes. Russia used hydraulic technology in the Uranium sector and other multipurpose activities. Though the movie fails to highlight significant relations between Spain and other countries in Europe, each innova tion in the land increased made it possible for Spain to relate well with its neighbouring states (The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Full documentary PBS). The independence enjoyed during the Islamic Spain made the residents of Europe to learn many things. Most of them began fighting for independence many years after the Islamic Spain stopped ruling the country. In the early 19th century, Bosnia had a civil revolution that made it separate into Serbia, Yugoslavia, and Herzegovina. Russia also lost control of the Soviet Union making countries such as Syria to defect from the movement in the late 19th century. All these happened because people wanted to be in control of their lives and not under the rule of a central oppressive government. In 1991, the USSR failed to command the Soviet Union officially leading to its collapse. This also made it possible for other generations to relate to the fall of the Islamic Spain following over 700 years of controlling Spain. When the Moors Ruled in Spain Cities of light provided an over view of the rise and fall of the Islamic Spain. On the other hand, when the moors ruled in Spain is equally a re-enactment of the rule of the Moors in Europe for over 700 years. The Moors led Spain and Poland respectively and by the 15th century, the lost control of the two countries in Europe (Al-Andalus History of Islam in Spain). The Moors were present in different regions in Spain including Granada, Cordoba, Andalucà ­a, and Fes. The society consists of various social forces that contribute towards the development of a uniform culture. Countries get recognition based on the socio-economic, political, and technological forces they have in the world. Religion is an element of the social realm that defines the belief systems of a section of the population. Islam a renowned religion and Spain a prominent country dominate the discussion. The rise and fall of the Islamic religion in Spain is of great significance to the history of Europe. Pr ior to the fall of the Soviet Union between 1989 and 1991, Europe was a force to reckon with considering it took control of the Americas about the same period. Besides, the history of Spain is important because of its close relationship with the world civilisation. Islam was the dominant religion around 1207, but Christianity and Judaism equally commanded crowds of believers. This threatened the survival of Islam in Spain that initially embraced Catholicism. The inception Tariq ibn Ziyad led the Moors into Spain in 711 AD. Their occupation in Spain was significant to the western civilisation because the Arabs provided an excellent ground for competition with the Islamic Spaniards. Moors came from North Africa and entered Andalus through the Gibraltar Strait. Moors threatened the existence of the Gothic leaders considered one of the most powerful armies in Europe under the leadership of Germany. The 7th century marked a major economic and socio-political transition for European. Al-A nadlus became the Moors’ territory and they carried out the operations of acquiring other kingdoms from Al-Andalus. When Moors reached Granada, a section of the Arabs became Muslims instead of converting the populations they found in the territories (Al-Andalus History of Islam in Spain). This empowered the Islamic Spain and there was a conflict of interest between the Arabic Moors and the Muslim Moors in Spain. The Moors came from Morocco in North Africa and they equally interacted with members of the Abbasid family who caused the Abbasid Revolution in 750 CE to North Africa. The Abbasid family and members of the Marwanid left Syria for North Africa originally ruled Syria under the Umayyad caliphate that was Muslim. As such, some members of the Moors army understood Muslim teachings because of the interaction process. The forgotten history According to the producer of the movie; Bettany Hughes, there is part of the Spanish history that many historians forgot. This incorporat es the era in which the Moors ruled the land. Though many people discuss the rise and fall of the Islamic Spain, they forget that the Arabs were equally a force to reckon with between 711 AD and the 15th century. There is evidence that the Arabs introduced arithmetic calculations in Spain including Algebra. At Alhambra Palace in the Granada dynasty, first mathematical calculations occurred when the Arabs invaded the place. Mathematics became important for business and formal education, which was also a project of the Moors in Spain. In Granada, the Moors converted many Muslims and this was very important for the influence and support they needed in 712 AD (Bollacasa and Althea 40). It was difficult to notice the difference between the Arab Moors and the Muslim Moors because of similar cultures. Other areas of exploration included astrology, which enabled the Moors to predict the weather and seasons of the year. Moors also promoted art, science, and agriculture even though the Muslim s took all the credit for the work. According to historians, the Moors contributed more on the civilisation as opposed to the Muslims who got all the praises for having a sustainable and long-term government. Science and civilisation In Spain, the Muslims introduced the lemon tree and the waterwheel, but the Moors introduced Avocados. Without much recognition, the Moors remained subtle in their scientific endeavours often working at conquering countries that were originally under the rule of the Muslims. Before the Moors’ invasion, the Spanish residents referred to the period as the Dark Ages. About the same time, the Muslims helped in technologically advancing Spain and the society began to see the Renaissance even though the Moors participated actively throughout the period. Instead of fair representation of the Muslim and Arabic Moors, only the Islamic Spain emerged as a strong promoter of the civilisation process (Ahlstrom 21). Besides mathematics and art, the Moors intro duced science in Europe enabling people to become innovative especially in the field of astronomy. It became easy for Spaniards to predict the climatic conditions through astrology including prediction of the future. Ever since, the Spaniards used chemistry, physics, and geography including philosophy to interact with other people in Europe. A renowned historian, Davidson Basil was quick to note that Moorish philosophy represented the North African civilisation, and it was difficult for the Islamic Spain to accept that change would occur from the black continent. The Moors designed and established the Cordoba Mosque, which is still important to the people of Spain. The artistic work from the Moors rarely found representation until the beginning of the 18th century when many historians began discussions concerning the rise and fall of the Islamic Spain. Innovations that generated interest in Spain included the lemon tree and the waterwheel. The lemon tree became very important for me dicinal purposes, and additional for meals. Lemon tree gave fame to Spain because the rest of Europe wanted to access the lemon tree. Initially considered a wild plant, it had limited functions in the society because other parts of Europe never identified its medicinal functions. The waterwheel helped in reducing workload because the Spanish created the machinery for the same purpose. The Umayyad dynasty equally commanded a hug army of Muslims in Syria, but the country’s development could not compare to Spain. Spain used international relations to promote the western civilisation. According to the rest of Europe, it was important to develop relations with countries such as Spain because the long-term relationship determined equal stability in other countries. By establishing long-term relations between Spain and other countries and Europe, the countries had the assurance of enjoying the innovative products from the Spanish empire. Islamic Spain also led through peaceful means that attracted other European states enabling them to develop mutually beneficial relationships with Spain. People identify the Moors with their art and ability to use the precious stones for beautifying edifices and ornaments. They included jasper and porphyry among other precious stones, which they also sold to the neighbouring Poland and Bosnia. Art only formed a section of the western civilisation that the Moors promoted. Agriculture was another source of recognition for the Moors because they also introduced the lemon tree, oranges, avocados, dates, cotton, and rice among many cash crops and fruits. The Moors did virtually everything to ensure that western civilisation survived even without the recognition of the group of people. Though situated in Al-Andalus and Cordoba the Moors introduced many things in Spain. The Muslims had influence because they commanded many territories in the country providing them with requisite support from the population in Spain. Formal education When the Moors first came to Spain, they had the responsibility of introducing formal education considering the population considered many illiterate, but creative individuals. Without the reading and writing capabilities, it was difficult to spread innovation to other parts of Europe. People referred to the era of the Moors as the period of the Renaissance after the Dark Ages. Formal education found acceptance in Spain at a very slow rate and the Moors already had 17 higher education institutions in various territories they acquired in Spain. This contributed to the spread of the reading and writing cultures in Spain. Some of the territories that benefited from the Universities included Cordoba and Granada. Through formal education, it was easy for the Spanish population to document their innovative stories. In educating the population, Arabic words found way into the Spanish language. After introducing the Al-Andalus, many people began relating to the Arabic language because some words had to begin with the prefix (Alexy 90). Formal education helped the society in sharing ideas and the civilisation spread throughout Europe. Philosophers such as Aristotle found a way of communicating their ideas in a common language that people across Europe could understand because they went through informal schools, but were capable of interpreting facts through people who studied in formal schools. The end The Moors’ end came in the 15th century around the same time as the Islamic Spain. The Arabic language started to gain prominence because the Moors spread their texts throughout the land. Before the end of their term in Spain, Christians, particularly the Catholics destroyed the materials making it impossible for the Arabs to control Spain. The Christian invasion caused the downfall of both the Moors and the Islamic Spain (Bollacasa and Althea 41). Catholics targeted the territories that experienced the influence of the Moors including Granada and burnt about 100, 000 religious texts. This completely interfered with the spread of the Moorish culture in the region. It took many years of sacrifice for various intellects to write the texts and destruction of the same discouraged them from continued production of Arabic literature. Christians wanted to dominate Spain as they did before and during the Dark Ages. Enlightenment was good for the people, but the Moors had not room to convert almost 79% of the population. This would result in the disappearance of the traditional Spanish culture, which Christians could not allow. Works cited Abadi, Saeed Akbar. An analytical and critical study of Islamic history: the rise and fall of Muslims from the pious caliphs to Abbasid Spain and Moghal dynasties. New Delhi: Adam Publishers, 2002. Print. Ahlstrom, Sydney E.. A religious history of the American people. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972. Print. Alexy, Trudi. The mezuzah in the Madonna’s foot: oral histories exploring five hundred years i n the paradoxical relationship of Spain and the Jews. New York: Simon Schuster, 1993. Print. Al-Andalus History of Islam in Spain. N.p., 13 Feb. 2011. Web. Bollacasa, Dario, and Althea Sidell. The Moors ruled Spain. Bloomington, IN: Authorhouse, 2013. Print. Collomb, Rodney. The rise and fall of the Arab Empire and the founding of Western pre-eminence. Stroud [England: Spellmount, 2006. Print. Lapidus, Ira M.. A history of Islamic societies. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Print. The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain Full documentary PBS. N.p., 14 Dec. 2011. Web. Wasserstein, David. The rise and fall of the party-kings: politics and society in Islamic Spain 1002-1086. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1985. Print. 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